Microlending free essay sample

Miniaturized scale Lending For some years microloans have helped individuals out of neediness all through the world. In contrast to freebees, microloans must be taken care of. These advances are all the time took care of. There are advantages and disadvantages to the economy by repaying the cash. Likewise, there are impacts on the earth. Microloans are extremely little credits given to borrowers. Regularly, these credits are given to the poor with the aim for them to look for some kind of employment and bolster themselves. Not exclusively were microloans intended to decrease destitution, also it has offered capacity to women.Microloans were created to be separate from unique advances. Microcredit offers little advances with high loan fees that are expected to restore the cash. Networks are profited also from miniaturized scale loaning. Rather off gathering charges from everybody and giving a freebee to poor people, these advances are required to be taken care of and the assessment cash can be saved for other significant issues. We will compose a custom paper test on Microlending or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Advantages from microloans help poor people, ladies, beginning business, and instruction and wellbeing. Without the entrance to the monetary administrations, for example, credits, investment accounts, fun exchanges, and protection, the impediments to beating neediness can be almost impossible.Most nations offer a microloan of 100$. This is everything necessary to begin a business and bolster a family. The key explanation of how microloans are fruitful, is the necessity to reimburse the advance, and the size of the credit. The reimbursement pace of these microloans is above 97%. Gifts are regularly exploited; spent on needs, rather than necessities. With realizing that the advance must be taken care of, individuals spend the cash on significant things that will help them later on. In the event that microloans are explicitly given to poor people and meet social, financial, and legitimate conditions, the poor can reimburse the loans.Some banks are explicitly giving these kinds of advances to ladies. The advantage of focusing on ladies for these credits advances equivalent rights. A large portion of these ladies run the house, and need cash to bring up kids, particularly when in destitution. Negative impacts from microloans are critical. Some state microcredit has placed the poor into a pile of obligation. For instance, if the individual paying off debtors utilizes the microloan to spend on training, yet comes up short on cash and doesn’t have an occupation. That individual is basically in a tight spot with a great deal of obligation. Others contend that the men take microloans from the ladies, and the ladies are left with a heap of debt.Microloans may not be the answer for each circumstance that makes neediness, and can't be the arrangement when land is being taken from poor people, and leaving them in destitution. Microcredit can likewise make issues by constraining individuals to work to get the cash back. Rancher suicides in India have expanded as a result of attempting to get enough cash to repay microcredit. By acquiring this cash again and again, individuals may develop reliant on obtaining cash and may prompt an obligation trap. Access and biodiversity are rights to the individual. Rights can't be supplanted by credit.Having the option to water is not quite the same as utilizing microcredit to purchase water. After these rights have been dealt with, at that point credit can come after those rights are given to the individuals. There are frameworks past capital; those are keeping up the environmental pieces of the planet. Countering the rationale of free enterprise will counter the air that is being corrupted and environmental change. Microloans can do an assortment of good and terrible things. The advantages incorporate diminishing neediness, improving networks/nations, beginning a business, and engaging women.Negative impacts incorporate leaving individuals with an obligation trap, spouses assuming the praise from ladies, compelling individuals to work until they pass on (suicides), confusing credit with rights, and reliance on obtaining. At long last, contrary monetary impacts of miniaturized scale loaning are making individuals center around they’re own obligation, rather than corrupting the planets condition. References: * Adams, Dale, Doug Graham and J. D. Von Pischke (eds. ). Subverting Rural Development with Cheap Credit. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1984. * Drake, Deborah, and Elizabeth Rhyne (eds. ). The Commercialization of Microfinance: Balancing Business and Development.

The Word ” Civilization ” Essay Example

The Word † Civilization † Essay Example The Word † Civilization † Essay The Word † Civilization † Essay Name: Course: Teacher: Date: The Word â€Å"Civilization† Presentation The Oxford Dictionary of Word characterizes progress as the â€Å"stage of human social turn of events and association, which is viewed as generally progressed. It is the advancement of human societies, which become muddled every day. The advancement of science and innovation influences progress. The idea of progress is key to the recorded speculations recognized by Arnold J. Toynbee. Toynbee portrayed history as the procedure of the ascent and decrease of civic establishments. Human advancement is likewise key to the political convictions of Samuel P. Huntington who contends that the characterizing normal for the 21st century will be the connection and strife between civic establishments (Lord Kenneth Clark). Human advancement has numerous positive and negative effects on culture. Conversation The progress development has been there for a long time. Ruler Kenneth Clark noticed that, â€Å"From a local European Christian ethnocentric perspective, mankind's history is the historical backdrop of progress.† This view added to the improvement of human progress as spoke to by the European Christian culture. This was related with the European imperialism, and with the connection of Europeans and Americans with the indigenous individuals, for example, the Native Americans. Dissimilar to previously, where progress was seen from a Christian point of view, different perspectives hold that â€Å"there are and there have been many propelled developments in mankind's history and that nobody culture is characteristically superior.† The job of human advancement on culture has been an indispensable piece of imperialism. The Europeans were the significant colonizers in mankind's history and any place they went, their primary plan was to present Christianity as one of the metho ds of presenting human advancement, they thought about their way of life unrivaled and they looked for methods of acquainting it with the individuals they colonized. Human advancement has anyway not been bound in the early European perspective. As indicated by C. H. Hacksins, â€Å"The one who mulls over the explanation current science and innovation have made goliath strides and progressed to the current state would surely concur that it is because of Islamic development, which transmitted and presented tremendous measures of information and created numerous scholars.† The headway of the Islamic confidence was instrumental to bringing human advancement and characterizing the advancement of mankind. Constructive outcomes acknowledged through Civilization One of the most significant advantages of progress has been innovation. Innovation has been presented in all parts of human life and it has changed the manner in which things used to be finished. The web is one of the significant accomplishments of innovation. This was made conceivable by the progression of PC innovation. The web was first utilized by a couple of people when it was first presented. These days nearly everyone on the planet approaches the web. It is for all intents and purposes difficult to envision existence without the web. As Bill Gates noted, â€Å"Today, the web is a long way from cloud it is the focal point of consideration for business, governments and people the world over. It has generated totally new businesses, changed existing ones, and become a worldwide social wonder. yet, in spite of its effect, today’s web is still generally where the car was during the time of Henry Ford’s Model T. we have seen a great deal of astounding things up until now, yet there is significantly more to come. We are just at the beginning of the web age. No industry can make due without the web today. It has significantly added to development since it has caused progress. Individuals have anyway completely used its utilization and for progress to be completely accomplished, the web must be used completely. Negative Effects Realized through Civilization Regardless of the numerous and evident advantages of human advancement, there are as yet the individuals who state that it has caused antagonistic impact on people’s lives. A large portion of the contentions depend on the awful impacts of human progress on innovation. Other negative impacts of human advancement have been noted on a wellbeing premise where adversaries contend that progress had a job in the expanded number of microscopic organisms and germs. Junji Takano questions the pretended by human progress in the wellbeing segment. He affirms that, â€Å"It is genuine that human advancement makes microbes and infections. It implies that more maladies are surfacing to the world. Human progress made a huge number of present day sufferings as should be obvious in clinical books of the world. What did progress do to us? Who did it? Is it not researchers of today? It is safe to say that they are looking to right course? Are they not driving us to wrong world?† Although n umerous maladies were annihilated, mankind has been confronted with more sicknesses, for example, Alzheimer’s, which were not known beforehand. Takano likewise takes note of that human progress has additionally had an effect on the nature of food. â€Å"Pork, meat, chicken, and even fish are refined misleadingly in a confine. Natural products you eat are not, at this point the taste we knew a very long while back. Vegetables at general stores we purchase are all house refined without soil. It is hard to track down meats and vegetables developed in nature. Food itself has no intensity of insusceptibility from microorganisms and other remote diseases.† The utilization of concoction herbicides, composts and pesticides influence the nature of food and makes them unfortunate and non-gainful for human utilization. Nourishments developed in normal living spaces add more advantage to people since they are brimming with supplements. End Development has, and keeps on assuming a major job in human life. It isn't restricted to one culture and no culture can be viewed as progressively edified since human advancement involves numerous things. It has had both negative and beneficial outcomes. The constructive advantages of science and innovation have particularly been instrumental in improving expectations for everyday comforts and states of individuals. Human progress has contributed contrarily particularly in the wellbeing area. Regardless of this, the beneficial outcomes acknowledged through human advancement exceed the negative.

Imaging Shows Patterns of Alcoholic Brain Damage

Imaging Shows Patterns of Alcoholic Brain Damage Addiction Alcohol Use Print Imaging Shows Patterns of Brain Damage in Alcoholics By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 25, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on December 05, 2019 fotostorm / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Innovations in imaging technology have helped alcohol researchers study how alcohol damages internal organs, such as the brain and the liver. Using computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), researchers are finding the direct effects of chronic drinking. Imaging studies have revealed a consistent association between heavy drinking and physical brain damage, even in the absence of other usual symptoms of severe alcoholismâ€"chronic liver disease or alcohol-induced dementia. Brain Shrinkage and Alcoholic Behavior The shrinkage observed seems to be more extensive in the cortex of the frontal lobe, which is believed to be the seat of higher intellectual functions. This shrinkage generally increases with age, at least in men. Repeated imaging of a group of alcoholics who continued drinking over a five-year period revealed progressive brain shrinkage that significantly exceeded normal age-related shrinkage. The rate of frontal cortex shrinkage correlates closely with the amount of alcohol consumed. But this shrinkage has also been observed in deeper brain regions, including brain structures associated with memory, as well as in the cerebellum, which helps regulate coordination and balance. The brain tries to compensate for these losses by activating brain regions to perform the tasks normally done by the shrunken regions. Functional MRI shows more use of some areas in the alcoholic test subjects compared with control subjects. This enables alcoholics to maintain performance even as their brains are being injured by the alcohol. Does Drinking Alcohol Really Kill Brain Cells? Reversing the Effects A key goal of imaging in alcoholism research is to detect changes in specific brain regions that can be correlated with alcohol-related behaviors. Imaging of the cerebellum has linked both shrinkages and decreased blood flow to impaired balance and gait. This may lead to falls, especially among older alcoholics. Researchers do not agree on the effect this brain shrinkage has on memory loss and problem-solving skills. Some studies show no effect, while others have reported some loss in those skills associated with alcohol-induced brain shrinkage. However, these effects are usually reversed with alcohol abstinence. Even quitting drinking for three to four weeks has shown to reverse the effects on memory loss and problem-solving skills. MRI shows some recovery of tissue volume after a period of abstinence. But when an alcoholic returns to drinking they show further reductions in brain tissue volume. More recent advances in imaging techniques are allowing investigators to study alcohol dependence. Scientists are beginning to measure alcohol’s effects on mood, emotional states, craving, and cognition while simultaneously assessing metabolic, physiologic, and neurochemical function in the brain, said former NIAAA Director Enoch Gordis, M.D. These innovations in imaging technology will help not only the alcohol field but also all fields of medicine where biology and behavior are so closely linked. How to Reverse Brain Damage From Long-Term Alcohol Use

The Road Of Equality Between Men And Women - 1645 Words

The road to establishing equality between men and women Women and men born in todays generation do not fully understand the struggle that woman had to sustain in the 1800s in order to gain the basic American civil right, which was to vote and obtaining equal rights. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott and other leaders such as Susan B. Anthony are important figures that impacted the way women are seen in the world to this day. They initiated and organized the first woman’s rights and woman’s suffrage movement in the U.S. Stanton held what was called the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 in NY, which became a major key point in the fight for woman’s rights. This long journey started with the creation of Stanton’s Declaration of Sentiments, which was based off the context of the American Declaration of Independence. As stated in the article by Judith Wellman, 68 women declared â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness†(1). The sentiments consisted of demands of equality with men before the law, in both employment and education. This convention came to be considered the most prominent event that began the woman s rights movement even though no one knows exactly who started it. These women who came together through conventions, petitions, public speeches and meetings took stand and created a betterShow MoreRelatedMad Max Road Warrior And Warrior Road Analysis1121 Words   |  5 PagesMad Max; Road Warrior and Fury Road are Australian dystopian films directed by George Miller. The two films were released, with 34 years between them, allowing the audience to explore the different representations of stereotypes and ideologies in each time period. To a certain extent, the characters in each film contrast with one another, displaying a change in social a nd political context, specifically with the concept of feminism. This is due to the changes of media content as society has progressedRead MoreFeminist Theory Of Feminism1697 Words   |  7 Pagessurprise that gender equality continues to be a problem in our society. Although all feminists agree that it is a prominent issue, they have different ways of combating it. Some feminists agree with having a sex/gender distinction, which uses â€Å"sex† as the term to describe biological features and â€Å"gender† as the term to describe the social standings. Due to his distinction, many feminists believe that the social implications, or gender, needs to be changed to achieve equality. Two approaches thatRead MoreThe Harsh Inequality Of Women1245 Words   |  5 Pagesthere can be huge consequences. For example, in India, women are viewed as a burden and a â€Å"extra mouth to feed.† Her status promotes the idea that men can treat them in a subdued manner. If they donà ¢â‚¬â„¢t comply to these requirements, then a woman is murdered by her husband or his family by being set alight by a flammable liquid, which is usually known as bride burning. Herland, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, also uncovers the harsh inequality of women. Gender roles shouldn’t be real and they were forcedRead MoreFeminism : A Negative Effect On Society1608 Words   |  7 PagesFor many years, women have strived for gaining equality with men. They have been held back and their opportunities taken away from them because of the fact that they’re women. Feminism has had a profound negative effect in the past and is still having a negative effect in the high profile of modern society. Feminism is still as relevant today as it was when women were fighting for their right to vote. In modern society, women and men aren’t thought of equals, when compared to the strong, dominantRead MoreGender Equality And Equality In Gender Men And Women728 Words   |  3 PagesGe nder Men and women can definitely work together and support each other to make the society better.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the days when a woman’s entire obligation was to be a good daughter,a good wife and a good mother,men and women were far from equal.Women suffered sexual discrimination until the so-called feminism came into being.Nowadays,feminism has been running for over a century.Result?It ran into the extreme of equality from my perspective. Most of us agree that men and women should enjoy equalityRead MoreLanguage Is Always Evolving Without Exception1253 Words   |  6 Pagessocial media, primarily Tumblr and Twitter, causing an uprising of bold fearlessness within is the #bossbitch. The #bossbitch respects themselves and others, with the goal of equal respect in return. They are firm, direct, and treats everyone with equality. They offer their sincerest support and help. A #bossbitch is in control, genuine, and takes themselves serious. However, this twenty-first century term has been refined over the years into what it stands for today. Language is always evolvingRead MoreGender Equality in Sk1313 Words   |  6 PagesGender Equality in South Korea Women and men share many physical characteristics and mental abilities, but why are men more valued than women even today in many cultures around the world? It has only been a few decades since women started gaining gender equality and power in selected parts of the world. South Korea, which is a very small country with a population of 49.78 million used to be one of the most gender-conservative country, preferring men over women for centuries. Despite this longRead MoreThe Battle Of The Sexes1080 Words   |  5 Pagesinteraction and communication between people, especially when considering the equality between males and females. Humanity is often described as the way people treat each other, which branches off to mean equality, compassion, benevolence, or love. There can’t be a genuine sense of humanity until there is true equality between males and females. There is factual and statistical evidence proving that females are treated differently than men. The mistreatment a nd oppression of women has declined significantlyRead MoreEquality Between African Americans And Women Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesEquality as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is the quality or state of being equal : the quality or state of having the same rights, social status, etc. This nation was founded on three main principles, which were liberty, freedom, and equality. Though our country has struggled on many occasions to maintain each of these principles, the hardest one to maintain seems to be that of equality. Every human being has a desire to be seen as equal, its basic human nature. We seek equality in everyRead MoreA Feminist Report Of The Modern Society795 Words   |  4 Pagesfields. They are not glamorous enough. Women should not have to get on their knees and work hard unless they want to get backstage at a weekend concert.† Man-hating femi-nazis are plaguing the world with their rants about â€Å"misogyny† and flashing their naked bodies to men and expecting not to get objectified. This is the way the world ends, not with a bang, but with a breast. Modern-day feminism is often regarded as something that is no longer needed, because women of the 21st century have the same rights

Perspectives On Poverty, By Jo Goodwin Parker And The...

Perspectives on Poverty The readings, â€Å"What is Poverty† by Jo Goodwin Parker and â€Å"The Poverty of Equality† by Stephen Moore and Peter Ferrara, both share the topic of poverty. They are different because each author expresses their point of view differently. Summarizing â€Å"What is Poverty†, the author goes through a serious of misfortunate events on a daily basis to acquire food, yet her gatherings are not enough. On the other hand, the author of â€Å"The Poverty of Equality† explains that it is unfair that the fortunate society has to sacrifice in order to be equal. In â€Å"What is Poverty† the author shares her personal experience regarding poverty, while in â€Å"The Poverty of Equality† the author uses somebody’s story to express his point; they also stand in two different situations. Although â€Å"What is Poverty† and â€Å"The Poverty of Equality† have similar topics, they are very different in terms of the authors’ perspectives, the situation regarding the topic, and the results. Initially, in each story the author’s perspective on the subject of the stories is highly different. The author’s perspective of â€Å"What is Poverty† illustrate to the audience what poverty is really like, and all the struggles they suffer every day. The quote, â€Å"For breakfast I give my children grits with no oleo or cornbread without eggs and oleo† demonstrates the malnutrition the children go through. The children are not able to get a full breakfast due to their state of poverty, which is a struggle they have toShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Poverty? By Jo Goodwin Parker And The Poverty Of Equality1001 Words   |  5 PagesPoverty has been a controversial issue in the United States. It has taken lives and has built obstacles for many Americans today. Poverty is a physical and mental handicap to many Americans who are not able to get past this barrier. However, some may argue poverty is just an excuse for those who decide not to put effort. Not to mentio n, two articles will share their story about the issue of poverty. â€Å"What is poverty?† By Jo Goodwin Parker and â€Å"The Poverty of Equality† by Stephen Moore and Peter Ferrara

Why the Military Should Not Be Deployed on U.S. Free Essays

There is also a high risk hat the troops themselves can get infected and a high possibility of the disease spreading even more. Lastly there is just not enough funding to send troops out onto our own soil. According to the Tim Make from the deathliest. We will write a custom essay sample on Why the Military Should Not Be Deployed on U.S. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Com American Soldiers preparing for deployment to West Africa are given just four hours of Bola- related training before leaving to combat the epidemic. Four hours of training is simply not enough time to learn about and understand the disease itself. A team of two can train as many as 50 personnel over that four-hour time frame, SEMIARID told The Daily Beast. If a single school teacher can barley each a class about a subject in math over a time period of a couple weeks how do we expect a team of two to fully teach and help a group of 50 troops to grasp the full concept of the risks of Bola and in that matter any other contagious disease. On The Common Sense Show, Dave Doges explains how President Beam’s misguided decision to send 3,00 troops to Liberia to combat Bola virus may have put them all at risk for contracting the deadly disease. If the military were to assist with a pandemic outbreak here on CA. S soil, troops and their families would be at risk at contracting the disease. By doing this the military is no longer solving the problem they are just adding to the problem making the total number of infected people greater. In 191 8 the Spanish flu killed an estimated number of 675,000 Americans and about 20 million worldwide. According to the U. S Department of Health, the reason the death toll was so high in America was because of how many American troops contracted the disease while trying to combat it. Because history repeats itself, we should nit send out U. S troops to assist with an outbreak. Sending troops out would be very costly and would put us in more debt. Just sending out 3,00 troops to West Africa would cost the U. S over 750 million dollars, this is according to the Washington Post. The U. S is already 18 trillion dollars in debt and by sending troops out this would put us even further in the whole, something we will never be able to come out from. Money for the military is already being with held and spending money to combat something that will always exist is worthless. By spending money to deploy troops, we are taking away the possibility of buying new and up to date equipment needed to protect against both domestic and foreign invasions. U. S troops should not be given the responsibility of dealing with disease. They are not doctors, nor are they scientists and even with proper training and equipment there will always be a possibility of contracting the disease, which means further contamination of the American population. The military’s purpose is to solve domestic and foreign issues that can potentially cause a threat to U. S citizens, not to combat disease. If we deploy troops onto our own soil then troops would be putting Americans lives in danger, which is a contradiction to their soul purpose. How to cite Why the Military Should Not Be Deployed on U.S., Papers

Kate Winslet Essay Essay Example

Kate Winslet Essay Essay These past few old ages of senior high school have had its ups and downs. but overall it’s been astonishing. I’d like to thank my friends and household for ever believing in me. Praises to the grads of 2013. see you all in 10 old ages! A know aparting reader may take pleasance in reading â€Å"The Destructors† . over an immature reader. A know aparting reader is a reader that takes deep pleasance in fiction that trades with life significantly. expects characters. secret plan and subjects that are complex or realistic and that may dispute his or her beliefs and position of world. We will write a custom essay sample on Kate Winslet Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kate Winslet Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kate Winslet Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This means that a discriminatory reader would bask reading interpretative literature. like â€Å"The Destructors† . â€Å"The Destructors† will appeal to a discriminating reader because it deals with life jobs and events that have happened. a deeper significance and the subject and the narrative challenges beliefs and positions of world. â€Å"The Destructors† demonstrates life jobs and events that have happened in history. this intrigues a discriminatory reader into desiring to read the book or narrative. The narrative shows life jobs. where there are packs that are desiring to do problem and allow loose ; merely have freedoms and non allow others or themselves have particular intervention. An illustration of this is when Old Misery offers so gang three bundles of smarties and the it’s stood there â€Å"puzzled and perturbed by this action and tried to explicate it off. ‘Bet person dropped them and he picked ’em up. ’ . † They tried to believe of all different grounds why Mr. Thomas would make this and they figured it was a payoff. This would do a discriminatory reader maintain reading. as the narrative is besides set clip is during the London blitz were bombs destroyed 100s of house and topographic points. Not merely does a discriminatory reader become interested by life jobs and historical events. but besides by the subject and deeper significance. A discriminatory reader. unlike an immature reader. can calculate out the deeper significance or subject of a narrative easy and making this keeps them interested. The these is non normally easy present in a narrative that a discriminatory reader would read because they would desire to remain interested and seek to calculate it out as they read it by themselves. The subject of â€Å"The Destructors† is non artlessness because the war has taken that off from them and replaced it with something the reader can do up and believe. The reader. being discriminatory. expects the subject to be complex and realistic. and as the narrative continues the male childs. Blackie and T. . have a conversation about the one thing T. wants to destruct. † ‘We’ll fire them [ the notes/money ] . one by one’ and taking it in turns they held a note upwards and lit the top corner. so that the fire burned easy towards their fingers. The Grey ask floated above them and fell on their caputs like age. † This makes the readers think the they’re non to be artlessness any longer by selfishness and defiance. besides the war has â€Å"aged† them by non giving them a childhood. From what has been said. a know aparting reader is able to calculate out a deeper significance by analysing and anticipating or thinking what the subject and significance of the narrative is to be. Through making so. they may dispute their beliefs and position of world. As a discriminatory reader reads a narrative. along the manner they challenge their ain beliefs every bit good as the writers belief. Whole making this. they could comprehend world otherwise or dispute how or why world was done this manner. In peculiar. the discriminatory reader may read. † ‘Of class I don’t detest him [ Old Misery ] ’ . I said. ‘There’d be no merriment if I hated him. ‘ The last combustion note light his dwelling face. ‘All this hatred and love. ’ he said. ‘it’s soft. it’s stuff. There’s merely things. Blackie. ’ he looked round the room crowded with unfamiliar shadows of half things. broken things. [ and ] former things. † A reader may see this and believe do I truly necessitate this or that and dispute what they believe in and if something is right or incorrect. better or worse. Overall. the discriminatory reader Loos at a narrative and challenges why they believe or don’t believe this and how come world is this manner. Discriminating readers can utilize many ways to look at a narrative and analyse it ; they may take pleasance in to why the narrative trades with life jobs and events in history. besides the subject and or deeper significance. every bit good as disputing beliefs and world. â€Å"The Destructors† demonstrates all of these and that is why this narrative could be appealing to a discriminatory reader.

Social Science Theory and How it relates to Social Phenomena

Social Science Theory and How it relates to Social Phenomena The social sciences have adopted the scientific principles of natural or physical sciences such as mathematics for a long time. Social science perspectives rely on the scientific methods of natural sciences such as sampling, observation and other means in data analysis, data interpretation and chiefly, data collection.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Science Theory and How it relates to Social Phenomena specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Social scientists use a social scientific perspective and social theories to hypothesize about the world around them and how it has an impact on society at large (Jones, 2003). It is therefore in the light of this that the topic of gender and mass media must be examined in detail to determine that it is of social importance to individuals, communities and society. The question therefore is how does the mass media influence gender perceptions? How has the mass media influenced ge nder perceptions? The question above has been a sociological issue for a long time. TV, newspapers and mostly the internet have various depictions of different genders and their social roles (gender stereotyping). The mass media also portray the female gender as sexual objects or as the weaker sex in general because it has become widely believed that it is so. From music videos to epic movies, women have been portrayed as the helpless weaklings who can only serve the purpose of catering to the whims of their male counterparts to the dancers who dance half-naked and in erotic manners as the men look on in bewildered amusement. For example, the Video Phone music video by Lady Gaga and Beyonce’ This is fast changing in this dynamic world where feminism, rights for women and emancipation of women is a common aspect of most of the modern world ( that is the First World Countries and the some developing countries).’ According to a research paper by McConnell (2008), the medi a also has a significant role in stereotyping along the lines of gender. She postulates that the media is a tool for perpetuating gender stereotypes that mostly target females. These ideas become so prevalent that they go without question and even force some people to adopt these characteristics that they believe are the required norm.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Movie characters, celebrities and sports personality have become the models of what the physical appearance of most women should be. It has even been extended to what they wear and how they wear it. Their works out regimes and diets have been splashed all over tabloids and reality shows as the â€Å"holy book† in weight loss programs or â€Å"having the perfect body. This can have such a negative impact on the feeble and malleable minds of most teens such that they begin to doubt themselves and ess entially starve themselves so that they can look like Angelina Jolie. This may have the disastrous effects of eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia and in the worst-case scenario, death. Men are not spared either. The ideal man should have the ideal body that is tan, tall, muscular or athletic and possess the ‘non-balding gene’. If a man does not achieve these requirements then he feels he may be doomed to loneliness as no one finds him attractive. The statistics of men having eating disorders and going for plastic surgery sessions is on the rise (McConnell, 2008). Our society is losing a sense of social perspective in this narrow view of physical measures of attractiveness. â€Å"By focusing too intensely on the physical, our society risks losing sight of the fuller sense of what people are, and what makes us truly beautiful† (McConnell, 2008). Social scientific methods in social sciences entail testing and proving hypothesis. â€Å"The basic technique of this method is called scientific observation, which is a precise systematic collection of data under controlled conditions by trained observers† (Perry Perry, 2003, p. 4) This question of media and gender can be analyzed scientifically through 3 research method problems: What data can be used to quantify the influence of media on gender especially in the portrayal of ideal types of physical attractiveness? The methods that can be adopted to provide data include sampling and experimentation on a group of impressionable youth. However, when it comes to distinguishing the applicable data, social scientists can opt to look at medical reports and statistics on the cases of eating disorders, plastic surgery and fitness regimes and work out plans as well as the dieting programs that are popular. The scientific analysis entails defining the problem as physical attractiveness in the media.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Science Theory and How it re lates to Social Phenomena specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Next, the hypothesis that these two are correlated is tested to be proven true by analyzing the collected data available on the topic. This is followed by drawing conclusions and recommendations based on the data through logical deductions of the the future holds for people with eating disorders and how media can change or elevate the numbers, and finally performing experimental tests on the medical data to affirm findings, predictions and conclusion (Moulton Schiferres, 1960). What is the reason for mass media perpetuating gender stereotypes and sexually objectifying women? The media usually perpetuates these views because when it comes down to it, â€Å"what the audience wants, the audience gets.† The media operates on what the audience wants to see because it generates rating which translate into money in advertising. The social scientific analysis involves defining how th e media thinks and its role of perpetuating stereotypes to achieve ratings. It can therefore be hypothesized that gender stereotypes are only prevalent because we indirectly allow it to permeate societal views by boosting ratings of stereotypical shows. The conclusion and recommendations based on the findings by logical reasoning can be made as to whether this will end if society stops glorifying these stereotypes as well. Lastly, an external researcher should retest the hypothesis through a series of experiments to determine the likelihood of this scenario (Scientific Method, n.d.). Why are men not targeted as much in the media or why are the perspectives towards them mostly positive? We mostly live in a patriarchal society. Most of the mass media do not sexually parade men on screens or magazines as objects. So why is media so imbalanced when it comes to the views of males? The researcher will identify the topic of media and gender bias. The next step is to formulate a hypothesis of the role of generational cultural beliefs on influencing perceptions of gender, which is verified through data analysis and collection. The researcher will use this hypothesis to make conclusions and recommendations about the how this could change in the future with the rise of feminism and lastly, the social scientific analysis will involve retesting of these hypothesis and predictions to ascertain that these facts are empirically true and are applicable to society (Zeiger, n.d.). Comparison of the research methods to those in the natural sciences In the natural sciences, the scientific method involves these four steps: Observing and describing the phenomenon or group of phenomena that encompass the subject matter. Formulating a hypothesis to explain the phenomena identified in step one. For example† in physics, the hypothesis often takes the form of a causal mechanism or a mathematical relation† (Wolfs, n.d.). Using the hypothesis to predict the existence of other phenomena that relate to the subject, or to predict the results of new observations from a quantitative aspect. (McComas, 1998). Performing tests and retests of the phenomena observed through experiments. This is usually done by several independent experimenters and involves setting up proper experiments in a controlled environment (Wolfs, n.d.). According to Barrow (1991), the main aim of scientific analysis is the predictive power of the subsequent theory, which is the â€Å"ability to get more out of the theory than you put in.†Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the natural sciences, the aim is to provide empirical evidence of phenomena based on these methods also adopted in social scientific perspectives with the difference being in the subject of study (Godfrey-Smith, 2003). In the formulated questions above, the research methods include the scientific methods generally applied to the natural sciences. The four steps of identification of topic, hypothesis formulation and subsequent studies in form of sampling, conclusions and recommendations and finally availing research for testing is all an aspect of social scientific analysis. A social science method does not fully rely on the natural science method as it incorporates data that may not have been found to be empirically true such as interviews on the perspectives of sexual objectifying of women. The idea that rationality can be used in verification of the topic also shows that natural science scientific methods tend to rely on consensus on how to solve grey matters in the research su bject (Meyer, 1999). Reference List Barrow, J. D. (1991). Theories of Everything. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. Godfrey-Smith, P. (2003), Theory and Reality: An introduction to the philosophy of science, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Jones, P. (2003). Introducing Social Theory. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Blackwell. McComas, W. (Ed.). (1998). The Principal Elements of the Nature of Science:  Dispelling the Myths, The Nature of Science in Science Education (pp. 53–70). Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. McConell, M. (2008). Media and Gender Stereotyping. Retrieved from https://serendipstudio.org/local/scisoc/sports03/papers/mmcconnell.html Meyer, P. (1999). An Essay in Philosophy of Social Sciences. Retrieved from https://www.hermetic.ch/compsci/pss1.htm Moulton F.R. Schiferres J.J. (1960). (Eds.). The Autobiography of Science (2nd ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Perry, J.A. Perry, E. (2008). Contemporary Society: An Introduction to Social Science. Boston, MA : Allyn and Bacon. Scientific Method in Social Sciences. (n.d.). Web. Wolfs, F. (n.d.). Introduction to Scientific Method. Retrieved from http://teacher.pas.rochester.edu/PHY_LABS/AppendixE/AppendixE.html Zeiger, P. (n.d.). Scientific Method in Social Sciences. Retrieved from sdp.org/sdp/spirit/SocSci.htm

How To Guess if a Spanish Noun Is Masculine or Feminine

How To Guess if a Spanish Noun Is Masculine or Feminine Although it is seldom possible to predict with certainty whether a given Spanish noun is of masculine or feminine gender, Spanish has numerous guidelines that can usually be followed. Key Takeaways: Spanish Noun Gender Nouns ending in -a, -cià ³n, -à ­a, or -dad are usually feminine.Nouns ending in -o, an accented vowel, -or, or -aje are usually masculine.Names of rivers, lakes, and oceans are usually masculine; names of mountains are usually feminine. The most well-known rule or guideline is that nouns ending in -o are masculine and those ending in -a are feminine, but there are numerous exceptions to this gender rule, especially for those ending in -a. Some of the exceptions are listed below. Following are some other guides to gender determination. Note that many words have definitions in addition to those listed: Feminine Suffixes Nouns ending in certain suffixes are usually feminine. They include -cià ³n (usually the equivalent of -tion), -sià ³n, -à ­a (usually the equivalent of -y, although not in the diminutive sense), -za, -dad (often used like -ty), and -itis (-itis). la nacià ³n (nation)la intervencià ³n (intervention)la hospitalizacià ³n (hospitalization)la ocasià ³n (occasion)la tensià ³n (tension)la economà ­a (economy)la taxonomà ­a (taxonomy)la probreza (poverty)la felicidad (happiness)la caridad (charity)la mastitis (mastitis)la meningitis (meningitis) Masculine Endings Nouns of Greek origin ending in -a, often -ma, are nearly always masculine. Most of these words have English cognates. el problema (problem)el drama (drama)el poema (poem)el tema (subject) Nouns ending in an accented vowel are usually masculine. el sof (sofa)el tabà º (taboo)el rubà ­ (ruby) Nouns with certain other endings are usually masculine. These include -aje (usually the equivalent of -age), -ambre, and -or. An exception is la flor (flower). el coraje (courage)el mensaje (message)el espionaje (espionage)el hambre (hunger)el calambre (cramp)el calor (heat)el dolor (pain)el interior (interior) Masculine Infinitives Infinitives used as nouns are masculine. el fumar (smoking)el cantar (singing)el viajar (traveling) Months and Days Months and days of the week are masculine. el enero (January)el septiembre (September)el martes (Tuesday)el jueves (Thursday) Letters and Numbers Letters are feminine while numbers are masculine. One way to remember this is that letra is feminine while nà ºmero is masculine. la d (d)la o (o)el siete (seven)el ciento (100) Abbreviations and Shortened Words The gender of abbreviations and acronyms typically matches the gender of the main noun of what the shortened version stands for. la ONU (the O stands for Organizacià ³n, which is feminine)los EE.UU. (United States; estados (states) is masculine)las FF.AA. (armed forces; fuerzas is feminine)la NASA (NASA; the word for agency, agencia, is feminine)el FBI (FBI; burà ³, the word for bureau, is masculine) Words that are a shorter form of another word or of a phrase retain the gender of the longer word or of the main noun in the phrase. la moto (motorcycle; the word is a shortened form of la motocicleta)la disco (disco; the word is a shortened form of la discoteca)la foto (photo; the word is a shortened form of la fotografà ­a)la bici (bicycle; the word is a shortened form of la bicicleta)un Toyota (a Toyota. The masculine may be used here as a short form of un coche Toyota, as coche, the word for car, is masculine. However, una Toyota may refer to a Toyota pickup truck, because the common word for pickup is the feminine camioneta.)la Alcatraz (the word for prison, prisià ³n, is feminine) Compound and Two-Word Nouns Compound nouns formed by following a verb with a noun are masculine. el rascacielos (skyscraper)el dragaminas (minesweeper)el guardarropa (clothes closet)el tragamondedas (slot or vending machine) Two-word nouns, which are unusual in Spanish, carry the gender of the first noun. el kilowatt hora (kilowatt-hour)el sitio web (website)el aà ±o luz (light-year)la mujer objeto (sex object)la noticia bomba (bombshell news story) Chemical Elements With the exception of la plata (silver), names of the chemical elements are masculine. el flà ºor (fluorine)el cinc (zinc)el hidrà ³geno (hydrogen) Geographical Names Names of rivers, lakes and oceans are masculine because el rà ­o, el lago and el ocà ©ano, respectively, are masculine. el Danubio (the Danube)el Amazonas (the Amazon)el Titicaca (Titicaca)el Atlntico (the Atlantic) Names of mountains are usually masculine, because el monte (mountain) is masculine. An exception is that the Rockies are usually referred to as las Rocosas or las Montaà ±as Rocosas. los Himalayas (the Himalayas)el Cervino (the Matterhorn)los Andes (the Andes) Names of islands are usually feminine because la isla (island) is feminine. las Canarias (Canary Islands)las Azores (Azores)las Antillas (West Indies) Company Names Names of companies usually are feminine, because la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a (company) is feminine, as are sociedad anà ³nima (corporation), corporacià ³n (corporation), and empresa (business). This rule is not consistently followed, however, and some well-known companies (such as Google) are referred to as either masculine or feminine. la Microsoft (Microsoft)la ExxonMobil (ExxonMobil)la Nestlà © (Nestlà ©) Imported Words The default gender for foreign words adopted into the language is masculine, but a feminine gender is sometimes acquired if theres a reason for doing so. Thus foreign nouns that end in -a sometimes become feminine, as do some words related in meaning to a Spanish feminine word. el marketing (marketing)la web (the Web or World Wide Web; the feminine is usually used because the Spanish words red and teleraà ±a, words for web and network, respectively, are feminine)el internet, la internet (both genders are used)los jeans (jeans)el rock (rock music)el software (software)el show (show)el champà º (shampoo)el bistec (beefsteak)la pizza (pizza)

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example Formal leadership is effective in managing and organizing people in an organization. Thus, leadership becomes incredibly important as it draws the line between organization success, failure or satisfaction and lack of it among the employees (Culbert 5). This paper is going to discuss effective leadership in an organization and the challenges of leadership. Leadership is very important in every workplace as it maximizes efficiency and allows employees to achieve goals set by the organization. Leadership is the starting point of all the actions that takes place in the organization, that is, the leader starts by informing the staff members on the organization rules, policies and regulation and describes all that needs attention by the workers. Thus, the leader sets the pace and the workers follow hence initiates all the actions involved in running the organization (Johnson 22). In addition, leadership entails motivating fellow employees with economic or non-economic rewards such as prom otion, which will ensure employees give their best of performance to the organization. With this motivation, the leader in the organization ensures that the employees maximize their potential and enhances organizations performance. Guidance also comes from leadership, as the leader has the responsibility to outline all the policies of the organization. With good leadership from a good leader, all employees will work under the rules set by the leader ensuring that all the employees work and flow together on their work (Kouzes and Posner19). Subsequently, effective leadership helps to build the confidence of the employees. For instance, a leader in the organization will provide guidance to the employees and constantly monitor and listen to the employee’s needs and demands pertaining to their job. This will help employee’s understand that the leader is concerned about their welfare and is among them, hence enhancing their confidence. Consequently, leadership helps to buil d an efficient and effective working environment, in that, it ensures that goals are achieved, an element of management. This working environment promotes the relationships among the workers as it provides an understanding in the work place (Giulian and Kurson 38). Leaders should also take time to listen to their employees’ problems and try to solve them, this will in fact promote one on one relationship between the workers enhancing working environment. Nevertheless, in matters of personal interest and the organization interest, leadership will synchronize the two interests’ ensuring that all the interest are met through coordination. All these factors above are vital for the growth and development of any organization and workplace. Without leadership, an organization will have no formality of running its operations preventing it from achieving its objectives. Hence, every successful business lays great leadership (Harrison, Greenfield, Fiorina, and Chambers 26). Bad leadership directly or indirectly harms the organization. It pushes away hardworking and skilled staff due to bad leadership, as this has a direct impact on the economic performance and general growth of the organization. In spite of leadership being a great thing for an organization, it never misses challenges that prevent it

Hog Waste in Eastern North Carolina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hog Waste in Eastern North Carolina - Essay Example It also says in Proverbs 11:22, "Like a gold ring in a swine's snout is a beautiful woman without discretion." The swine is just another animal with all the instincts and emotions of fear, anger, contentment or hunger. But the scriptures appear to depict the animal's dispositions that include habits other than just chewing cuds. The swine is known to eat more than cuds. They consume anything from garbage including dead animals and human waste. Thus, the swine is categorized with animals that are not "clean". They cannot be counted among animals like the sheep, goat, deer, and so on that consume only grass and herbs and are categorized as "clean" (Douglas S. Winnail). From the Christian perspectives, the hog is associated with meanness and laziness. The points expressed in the scriptures about the hog do little to dissociate it from such negative attributes. Once the hog has had its fill with food it normally resigned to a corner to slumber the rest of its time. God made all things wonderful and this includes the swine. The swine or hog is not meant for human consumption from its natural standpoint. In the present times, hog meat can be neutralized from the effects of salmonella through vaccinations (Jeffrey A. Husa et al). However, in the times when the Old Testament injunction for not eating the hog was made, the scriptures emphasized that as people of God to serve as a model for the nations around them, the Israelites were to abstain from hog meat for its specific dietary habits. The hog could eat anything. It was not restricted to chewing cuds alone. By the same argument, the hog could also do many things that did not make it an ideal choice for culinary purposes. The hog could grunt, struggle violently, bite, kick and heave. The hog did not observe the basic niceties when it was about to be killed. This contrasted with the disposition of animals like the sheep and goats that did not have to be trussed up when they were slaughtered. What does the theological tradition say about this problem (This will require doing library research in books on theological ethics Theological tradition is varied. There is no single view. Some theologians say that the law about not eating the hog does not apply now. They hold to the scriptures when Apostle Peter was famished and had a vision of "a great sheet let down by four corners upon the earth. In it were all kinds of animals and reptiles and birds of the air. And there came a voice to him, 'Rise, Peter; kill and eat.' But Peter said, 'No, Lord; for I have never eaten anything that is common or unclean'. And the voice came to him again a second time, 'What God has cleansed, you must not call common (or unclean)'" (Acts 10:11-15). There is yet another theological tradi

Systematized Integration of Credit Reference Agencies

Systematized Integration of Credit Reference Agencies Table of Contents (Jump to) Abstract Introduction The Problem Case Studies/Examples Nigeria Tanzania Kenya Uganda Solutions/Synthesis Conclusion With unprecedented growth and an increasingly competitive global community on the horizon, Africa’s economic revolution is intimately linked to their fiscal capabilities. It is within this broad spectrum of economic expansion that businesses and individuals are directly linked to their capacity to borrow and reinvest capital into sustainable endeavors. African nationals have endured centuries of political and economic turmoil, finally reaching a precipice from which to launch a reformative program which supports internal growth and global competition. Credit reference agencies play an intricate role in this restructuring, as provision of finance is entirely dependent on their historic records and the collaborative efforts of the loosely knit African banking community. This paper explores examples of internal frailties within the credit system and proposes solutions towards overcoming inadequate resources through systematized integration of credit reference agencies. As the British and French colonists sailed away from Africa’s northern shore, they left behind their legacy, one of tumult and uncertainty. The development of Africa’s political and economic structure in the wake of colonial oppression has been a difficult and war-stricken path, one which remains uncertain and ambiguous today. Ultimately, however, in order to support some of the world’s most populated regions, the foundation for economic security and opportunity must be laid and supported. Recognizing that the incidence of poverty throughout Africa is unacceptable and consistently counterproductive, the inefficiencies within the African conglomerate system demand revision; and through dramatic reform mechanisms, sustainable industry and globally directed participation will ensure that African nationals are given an opportunity to escape their impoverished existence. Yet there remain a wide range of conflicting solutions, many of which are directly related to the very colonial heritage which placed African countries in this predicament to begin with. The future of economic growth for these citizens is directly linked to the available funding which can be proffered for development of business and expansion of industry. Currently, funding methods are limited to informal requisition stemming from the family and friends of entrepreneurs seeking materials and startup capital. As banks hoard their capital in light of the extremely high number of historic defaults which they have endured, the industry must turn to more strategic methods of evaluating the potential recipient and continue to expand their lending operations. There is a pervasive lack of credit reference agencies throughout the African continent which continues to detract from bank confidence levels and the availability of funding for activation of economic growth. Given the competitive nat ure of the global environment, inspiring industrial advances should be at the forefront of governmental strategy as in order to maintain the recent financial successes which have sustained incremental poverty reduction, participation on a global scale is becoming a necessity. In spite of the hesitation and challenges which surrounds the creation of translatable credit reference agencies, the future of the African national depends on the wealth of information which they will come to retain. As enterprise is directly dependent on available investment funds, participants continue to seek methods of revenue generation, and through well-informed credit outlets, the participative nature of expanding economics will enable entrepreneurs and businesses to expand their berth and actively compete on a much more even playing field. As Africa as a whole continues to struggle against rampant economic instability, popular theories recognize a variety of insufficiencies, including lack of available infrastructure, inadequate educational facilities and programs, and limited health care opportunities as main failures within the collaborative regime. There is, however, another piece of the African economic puzzle which has yet to evolve to meet modern competitive expectations, and that is the systematized inclusion of credit reference agencies and their foundation support mechanisms in the development of commerce and private finance. From a historic perspective, the early development of credit initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa was entirely localized to a protective function of selective credit allocation. It was within this framework that central banks and government controlled credit mechanisms were strictly regulated, leading to substantial economic decline in the ‘80’s and ‘90’s (McDonald and Schumacher, 2007). Ultimately, banking institutions were used as a domestic funding mechanism for government programs and initiatives; however, this reduction of financial resources meant a limited availability of capital for private borrowers and desirous businesses. As developing economies evolve rapidly through a structure of industry generation, perhaps the most important component is found within the definitive walls of small to medium enterprise (SME’s), and their inclusion in growth and capital contribution is essential to stabilize a burgeoning economy (Quintyn, 2008). African economies developed in spite of lackluster credit programs, as government borrowing reformed dramatically to include the much more liquid and readily available foreign capital market in addition to foreign aid. Beraho (2007) cites the colonial legacy as a direct determinant of the modern economic frailties of Sub-Saharan Africa. Ultimately, the influence of colonial overseers was immediately entrenched in the assumed economic structure during periods of instability following the post-colonial independence. The extreme poverty which accompanied post-colonial activity left African nations rich in natural resources but limited in capacity for export and financial generation. In response, domestic debt, a form of government sustenance, has been credited with substantial reduction of available capital for lending purposes. Across Sub-Saharan Africa, the ratio of debt to broad money has held constant at 40%, dramatically reducing available financial resources for financing and supp orting private initiatives (Christensen, 2004). Escaping the confines of such imbalances has been a slow and difficult process; however, as foreign aid programs and the World Bank become increasingly involved, reform is slowly achieved. Mylenko (2008) notes that given the stabilization of the African macroeconomy as well as lower inflation and improved government treasury monitoring and regulation, banks have been increasingly able to turn towards lending opportunities. Africa is represented by the world’s most rapidly growing, yet equitably expiring population, and is limited by inefficiencies in their structural systems as they are characterized as â€Å"the world’s hardest working yet least productive† people (Kolo, 2006, p. 596). It is from this inefficient system that severe poverty has overwhelmed a diverse and frustrated people and continued limitations spawn from inappropriate fiscal programs and activities. There is a sustained movement towards more supportive programs, and much of the fiscal evolution over the past decades in Sub-Saharan Africa has been regulated and guided by intra-national monetary unions. Participants in the WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union) include Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote D’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo. Other monetary unions include the WAMZ (West African Monetary Zone) represented by Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone, as well as the CEMAC (Economic and Monetary Union of Central Africa) inclusive of Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. It is extremely important to recognize these collaborative monetary efforts given the expanding nature of modern credit reference agencies, as bank collaboration intra-monetarily is a direct representation of the expansionary reality which demonstrates potential for additional corroboration. Analysis of performance in dicators over the history of these African Monetary Unions offers substantial implications for other developing nations. Comparatively, the average inflation differential equates to between 8 and 10 percentage points lower in comparison to other low to medium income nations (Gosh et al., 2006). Interestingly, researchers equate the majority of this reduction to monetary discipline, while approximately twenty percent is relative to international confidence levels given the combinative national participation (Gosh et al., 2006). The development of private finance over the past decade has occurred as a direct result of revised fiscal policies throughout the African continent including the combined efforts of multi-national partnerships. There remains, however, a significant piece of the credit market puzzle which has yet to evolve into a supportive and extensively viable practice, and that is the creation and practice of credit reference agencies. The nature of such entities is one from which both consumer and lender confidence is fully integrated into the business cycle and default is directly undermined by the framework of the system itself. Data demonstrates that the issuance of private sector credit in Sub-Saharan Africa declined in a period between 1980 and 2004 from 15.6 percent of GDP to 15.1; comparatively, growth rates in Asia more than doubled, elevating private sector credit levels to over 40 percent of GDP, and in Latin America, incidence grew by over 50 percent, elevating levels to over 20 percen t of GDP (â€Å"Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa,† 2008). There exists a pitfall of significant registry deficiency which continues to detract from the participative efforts of banks and credit reference agencies. Given the nature of Africa’s structural evolution, emphasis has slowly begun to shift towards national registries which incorporate accurate reference for mortgages and property data so as to accurately integrate collateral data into the developing structure of credit agencies (Sacerdoti, 2005). Ultimately, these registries are essential to establishing a standardized framework of collateral and credit reform. McDonald and Schumacher (2007) have determined that there is a complimentary relationship between credit issuance and the strength of creditor rights, namely the culpability and recoup potential given the incidence of default. As much of African credit heritage is characterized by default, there is little room for modern programs to allow continued systematic failures. The nature of credit reference agencies opportune an evolve structure from which to ensure compliance and stabilize a deviant legacy of poor payment history. The challenges which face Africa begin with its current lack of structural capacity, namely registration, standardized policy and legislation, and the volatile nature of government organizations. To overcome the credit crisis and define an effective program, evolution of African economic structures including opportunities for entrepreneurs and SME’s will be essential parts of the rehabilitiation. One method which has already generated support and shown long term successes is that of microenterprise and microfinance loans. Rhyne and Otero (1994) recognize that in spite of the arbitrary nature of its definition, that microenterprise is generally accepted as a company with less than ten employees and is relegated to the non-agricultural sector of the business community. Additionally, these businesses are oftentimes a source of income which arise where no alternative method for financial gain is available. Given the extreme impoverishment within the African borders, implementing s upportive programs is an essential tactic, one which will offer long term stability and positive reform mechanisms for a needy and desirous population. This paper seeks to identify some of the more prominent systematic failures within specific African infrastructures through specific case studies and devise strategy for evading, manipulating, and evolving such systems to meet financial demand and overcome the credit dilemma. Ultimately, the solutions herein recognize the necessity of credit reference agencies and through the integration of such programs, solutions can be drawn from which to prioritize their sustainability. As integrating credit bureaus and agencies into a frail infrastructure is a long term goal, identifying the key areas of potential failure prior to inception is essential to prudent and productive creation. Ultimately, the findings of this paper determine that given the nature of globalized capitalism, credit reference agencies offer a singular solution from which to pull Africa from the depths of poverty and define its prosperous multinational future. While foreign aid and government reform will assist to waylay many of Africa’s social problems, the only true option for overcoming extreme economic difficulties is through supportive initiatives which redistribute opportunities for wealth among the people who truly need sustainable financial sustenance. In order to ensure that such distribution is appropriately allocated, the historic nature of the credit reference agency will ensure that banks and credit corporations have adequate reference from which to offer the necessary funds for generation of commerce and industry. The following section represents a sample set of a diverse grouping of African participants. Each of these nations has undergone periods of remarkable recovery yet remains limited in this credit reference agency participation. While developmentally exploiting both natural and human resources to overcome the throes of poverty, these nations have yet to fully extract their legacy from the limiting factors which have undermined social and economic efforts for the past decades. Nigeria Nigeria represents a nation of over 144,700 million inhabitants of which over 54 percent currently live in abject poverty (World Bank, 2008). Endeavoring to stabilize their vacillating economy, government leaders have embarked upon a process of economic reform and consolidation over the past decade with decidedly positive results. Much of the evolution of this economy owes its legacy to the rising oil prices and increased exports in this area as demand continues to pay dividend to a resource rich Nigerian population. Unfortunately, there are other limiting constraints which continue to undermine rapid economic evolution on a broad scale, and as the population continues to grow at an annual rate of over 2.4%, there remains significant opportunity for developing internal modes of sustenance and advanced and sustainable industries to push the Nigerian economy forward (World Bank, 2008). Exemplary of the limiting factors now facing the Nigerian people, the lack of a substantial credit system, and importantly, credit reference agency, has historically undermined entrepreneurial efforts and small to medium enterprise, the keys to sustained economic growth. Before the 2005 consolidation period, over 20% of loans made by Nigerian banks were non-performing, as opposed to the remarkable decline of this negative incidence to just over 8.4% in 2007 (Corbett, 2008). It is a direct result of this negative outlook towards loan participants that the Credit Reference Company of Nigeria has been created in past years which utilizes a network of 11 banks to standardize the systematic handling of customer information and credit history. Pre-consolidation Nigerian banks could not fund long term projects due to their short term capital capabilities, in recent years, this process has now evolved to include 10-20 year loans, thereby enabling infrastructural development and social reform (Corbett 2008). As the majority of Nigerian nationals have limited desire to trust their savings to the banking system, much of the evolution over the past years has required significant adjustment in public perspective and a necessary increase in consumer confidence. In Nigeria, private sector credit and banking deposits have doubled since the 2005 banking consolidation and the number of banking branches have increased by over one third (IMF Country Report, 2008). As a testament to the efforts at financial modernization, the expansion of this banking network is a direct indication of a necessitated communication network, one which has the capacity to share consumer information and at the same time, retain the privacy of these participants. Indicative of the evolving perception regarding credit and modern purchasing methods, in 2004, Nigeria recorded less than 50,000 credit card transactions per month as opposed to the remarkable growth to over 51,000,000 per month that were recorded in March of 200 8 (â€Å"Nigeria; The Rise of the Card Payment System,† 2008). Yet these charges are not representative of an extension of credit and simply attest to the acceptance of electronic payment processing as inhabitants continue to support alternate modes of payment. Unfortunately, in spite of bank and economic reform, poverty levels are holding at approximately 55 percent of the Nigerian population, further exacerbated by limited resources available given the rising population and under capitalized infrastructural reform (IMF Country Report, 2008). It is within the incapacitated growth mechanisms that Nigerian credit reference agencies are most needed, as funding unprecedented reform requires the capabilities which can only be imbued through finance and bank funding mechanisms. Recognizing the SME’s hold a key to Nigerian development, there is continued support for credit based initiatives from which to extend financial opportunities to these developing industries. The IFC (International Finance Corporation), a World Bank affiliate continues offer its partnership as Nigeria strives to develop and maintain consumer data, their efforts intimately linked with the economic future of the nation. Tanzania Tanzania, a much smaller nation than Nigeria, is represented by a population of over 39.5 million inhabitants, over 36 percent of whom live below the poverty line (World Bank, 2008). Equally representative of the reformation efforts of developing African countries, Tanzania has endeavored to undergo structural evolution in the past few decades, actively pursuing economic opportunity for its population who continues to expand by around 2.6 percent annually. One of the most significant failures within the Tanzanian system has been the lack of property registry. The World Bank (2005) reported that 90 percent of nationals could not be located through property registry and only had six national offices at their disposal for registry purposes, each fraught with unnecessary and â€Å"irrelevant red tape.† Given this lack of registry foundation, there is little collateral leverage to be gained by participating in government registration programs, therefore, citizens do not find overwh elming motivation or desire to legalize their claims to land. Additionally, the World Bank (2005) notes that there is limited liquidity of property rights for similar reasons of registration difficulties and obscure transference policies, therefore, entrepreneurs have limited opportunity to leverage their properties and gain the initial financing needed for startup capital. Characteristic of more widespread African credit issues, only 4 percent of respondents in a recent survey claimed access to trade credit as a source of start-up finances, thereby placing all required resources directly at the informal level and limited to a partnered initiative between friends and private investors (Sharma and Upneja, 2005). This failure within the credit system is directly related to the lack of credit reference agencies and the supportive information they could provide; however, given the state of the Tanzanian recording structure, there seems to be a much more pressing issue of registry and records to overcome before such projects can become a reality. In addition to the failure to support corporate trade credit, there is an overall limitation which is obvious when considering the widespread state of Tanzanian credit. More formal data recognized private credit initiatives at 8 percent of GDP in 2005; however, comparatively Kenya’s private credit in the same period was over 23 percent of GDP (World Bank, 2005). The lack of lending directly correlates to the lack of creditor rights and available, traceable collateral for loans. As default rates continue to undermine any efforts towards credit system evolution, there remains a substantial field of doubt which overwhelms banks and their lending efforts. Given the disconnect between small businesses and reception of credit from Tanzanian banks, the ability to start and maintain a business in the modern environment is extremely limited and continues to be undermined by a lack of capital. Most concerning is that given the lack of external funding, disposable income or working capital is thereby reintegrated into the business and utilized for daily refurbishments as available. Tanzanian business owners are therefore limited by both the economic factors which drive the success of their business, and their own personal integration into the business operations through consummation of personal finance, lack of new equipment and materials, and inability to improve upon current models to evolve standards to more modern efficiencies (Sharma and Upneja, 2005). These failures are a direct result of the Tanzanian credit crisis and requite the inclusion of a well positioned credit reporting agency in order to ensure that SME’s have sustaine d opportunities for generating much needed investment capital. One of the most remarkable advances which has sustained the fleeting, but evolving stability that is becoming visible within the Tanzanian infrastructure is the adjustment of government funding from domestic lending to foreign sources and foreign aid (Sharma and Upneja, 2005; World Bank, 2005). Eliminating this form of consequential taxation on bank reserves has expanded the Tanzanian opportunity for investment and greater private funding. Unfortunately, characteristic of other African nations, a lack of any form of credit reference agency prevents broad based credit dispersion among citizens and thereby limits loans to corporations and larger scale economic participants. Tanzania currently has plans to develop and establish an operational credit reference databank by the end of June, 2009 in order to extend credit into the private sector. The extension of private credit is currently projected to increase around 22 percent per year yet is entirely linked to governmental stability and internal mechanisms of fiscal policies (â€Å"United Republic of Tanzania: Third Review Under the Policy Support Instrument,† 2008). The nature of finance is derived from available resources which can be distributed for a nominal return. Given the current state of government spending, this opportunity is more realistic today than it has ever been; however, the Tanzanian government must evade the pitfalls of internal borrowing in order to enable these funds to be distributed among industrial participants, thereby facilitating the expansion of industry and inclusion of additional commerce in the resource limited business sector. Kenya Kenya is a nation of similar size to Tanzania, boasting a population of just over 36.6 million people, yet over 55.5 percent of these inhabitants live below the poverty line (Population Reference Bureau, 2008). Most significant in Kenya’s modern history, political unrest and lacking economic growth have continued to undermine efforts of reform and population support mechanisms. Credit considerations are simply another indication of the limited capabilities which a tumultuous nation has to overcome its financial and social deficits. In 2003, over one third of all bank loans were considered non-performing (NPL’s), directly undermining the lending power of institutions, as well as enhancing the proclivity for default among participants (â€Å"Kenya: Bankers Unveil Plan to Keep Tabs on Borrowers,† 2007). In spite of the frail political economy, currently the development of a credit reference bureau is in its advanced stages, as recognizing the merits of such collabor ative information sharing, Kenyan banks actively seek to minimize risk and improve their loan to repayment ratios. Remarkably, in Kenya, over recent decades exceptional opportunities have evolved for entrepreneurial credit extension as startup capital and materials costs represent a substantial portion of business success ratios. Kenyan extension of credit is significantly higher than other African regions as over 85 percent of businesses currently have opportunity to borrow from their providers (World Bank, 2004). These surveyed corporations, while a representation of Kenyan businesses, offer an optimistic perspective on the future of industry and finance. Given the relative youth of the Kenyan population with 4 out of every 10 citizens being under the age of 15, there is substantial opportunity to ensure that financial resources are available for these growing future business owners (Population reference Bureau, 2008). Ultimately, Kenya presents a fairly optimistic outlook for the future of credit extension and opportunities for broad scale industrial financing; however, the completion and full integration of their credit reference bureau stands to offer the most reliable statistics after its inception later this year. Uganda Uganda, a nation of 29.9 million citizens, has continued to experience substantial population growth over the past decade, holding near 3.2 percent, a number significantly advanced from other referenced African nations (World Bank, 2008). Of significant concern to the development of a progressive Ugandan infrastructure, trade credit plays an intricate part in sustaining emerging business and defining industrial evolution. Current statistics demonstrate that only 60 percent of firms have access to this capital as material providers must, themselves, be supplied with the external financial means from banking institutions to extend such credit (World Bank, 2004). When firms are afforded the opportunity to borrow directly from banking institutions, the interest fees associated with such loans are oftentimes overwhelmingly costly and therefore, detract from the efficacy of such endeavors. Overwhelmingly, the inadequacies within the Ugandan credit structure can be directly attributed to a lack of credit tracking mechanisms, and thereby, the capacity for benchmarking and substantiation of creditworthiness. Researchers note that over 40 percent of all loans held in Uganda have a maturity date of one year or less; and of those firms who to receive loans, over 60 percent of all participants are required to post collateral as a loan prerequisite (World Bank, 2004). Essentially, this extreme precedence of default aversion represents an obvious inadequacy in the Ugandan credit reporting system, as given more stringent standards and a confluence of bank participants, protection mechanisms would become fully integrated with the reporting system, providing a deterrence net to reduce defaults through natural and appropriate fiscal processes. Characteristic of many African nations, the pervasive nation of credit doubt in terms of default and repayment potential is an indication of the necessity for credit reference agency construction. As lenders seek to develop new streams of available capital, Ugandan SME’s represent an expanding opportunity, however, they will require support from struc tural evolution in order to ensure their continued operation. There are extreme challenges presented by the African credit woes, most of which will not be overcome through foreign aid or current infrastructure development programs. Indicated by the nations herein, there is substantial need for integration of credit reference agencies into the structure of these modernizing nations; specifically, there is a need for support of small to medium enterprise and the merits of developing an economy through advanced and evolving industry. Ultimately, determining a singular solution to the credit crisis is impossible, however, by coupling several key zones of evolution into a targeted plan of action, the potential for sustained advancement becomes a much more plausible reality. Quintyn (2008) noted that other developing nations who have evolved through similar credit challenges have utilized a form of hub and spoke credit agency system from which to operate these units with limited startup capital required for each branch. In its â€Å"Regional Economic Outlook† (2008), the IMF recognizes that there is a need for leveraged reference agencies, specifically those who are sustained by a technologically advanced central hub yet localize their economy of scale operations in areas of public access. Given the limited nature of credit agencies, a hub and spoke system would reduced the cost of a credit report by $ 2-5 and allow firms the opportunity to extend credit more freely given the support base of their regional offices. The IMF (2008) also recognizes that current credit offerings are only 200,000 people out of every 15 million, a direct result of a lack of credit data and agency interaction within the modern banking structure. In order to overcome the geographical, political, and economic constraints which undermine the constructs of a successful African credit program, the continuity of credit reporting policies across geographic lines must be maintained. While banking unions have taken the initiative to link participants, there remain additional opportunities for broad scale communication expansion and technically advanced sharing techniques which protect both the consumer and the bank from fraud. In spite of the banking cooperatives which are integrated into the Western and Central African economic structures, there remains a difficult framework for monetary exchange outside of these conglomerates. Pervasive in widespread Sub-Saharan fiscal analysis, the necessity of a central banking structure continues to challenge unorganized methods of bank-dominated financial systems. The application of such a combinative operation is one which would assist in the integration of regional credit reference agencies with centralized control mechanisms. This transformation of the informal structure into a more systematized and coordinated pragmatism would generate synergies between monetary policy and banking oversight, thereby establishing a supervisory committee while propagating a bank dominated industry (Quintyn, 2008). The central oversight which is lacking in terms of African banks is basically a function of communicable objectives, a framework which is essential when considering the n ature of investing in economic futures. African capacity for growth is readily foreseeable, however, there must be an active pursuit of this evolution, one which directly integrates the unique partnerships of a banking network and captures communicative data which is readily available across geographic lines. There is a continued deficit within the African lending structure, one which demands reform and challenges banks to contin

Race and Ethnicity in Childhood Obesity Essay

Many early life risk factors for childhood obesity are more prevalent among blacks and Hispanics than among whites and may explain the higher prevalence of obesity among racial/ethnic minority children. Eliminating racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care is a national priority, and obesity is a prime target. During the last 30 years in the United States, the prevalence of obesity among children has dramatically increased, sparing no age group. Obesity in childhood is associated with adverse cardio-metabolic outcomes such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and type II diabetes and with other long-term adverse outcomes, including both physical and psychosocial consequences. By the preschool years, racial/ethnic disparities in obesity prevalence are already present, suggesting that disparities in childhood obesity prevalence have their origins in the earliest stages of life. Several risk factors during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of offspring obesity, including excessive maternal gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, and smoking during pregnancy, antenatal depression, and biological stress. During infancy and early childhood, rapid infant weight gain, infant feeding practices, sleep duration, child’s diet, physical activity, and sedentary practices are associated with the development of obesity. Studies have found substantial racial/ethnic differences in many of these early life risk factors for childhood obesity. It is possible that racial/ethnic differences in early life risk factors for obesity might contribute to the high prevalence of obesity among minority preschool-age children and beyond. Understanding these differences may help inform the design of clinical and public health interventions and policies to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity and eliminate disparities among racial/ethnic minority children. Race and Ethnicity in Childhood Obesity Race is a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups. Races refer to broad division of people based on their biological characteristics such as color of skin, color of hair and their facial features. These differences developed among humans in prehistoric times due to different groups of people developing in different parts of the world isolated from each other. Originally all humans in the world belonged to one of the other of these pure races. However in today’s world it is difficult to find people of that time. Most of the people living now have mixed racial ancestry. Ethnicity refers to the common characteristics of a group of people that distinguish them from most other people of the same society. Ethnicity is based on commonality of ancestry, culture, language, nationality, or religion, or a combination of these things. Biological characteristics that play a part in racial differences may be visible in an ethnic group, but these characteristic do not form a criteria for defining an ethnic group. Although childhood obesity is increasing in all ethnic and racial groups, its prevalence is higher in nonwhite populations. The reasons for the differences in prevalence of obesity among groups are complex, likely involving genetics, physiology, culture, socioeconomic status, environment and interactions among these variables as well as others not fully recognized. The relationship between race and ethnicity in childhood obesity is that obesity disproportionately affects certain minority youth populations. NHANES found that African American and Mexican American adolescents ages 12-19 were more likely to be overweight, at 21 percent and 23 percent respectively, than non-Hispanic White adolescents (14 percent). In children 6-11 years old, 22 percent of Mexican American children were overweight, whereas 20 percent of African American children and 14 percent of non-Hispanic White children were overweight. In addition to the children and teens that were overweight in 1999-2002, another 15 percent were at risk of becoming overweight. In a national survey of American Indian children 5-18 years old, 39 percent were found to be overweight or at risk for overweight. In most of the states examined, blacks had the highest prevalence (number of existing cases in a defined group of people during a specific time period) of obesity, followed by Hispanics, and then whites. Greater prevalence’s of obesity for non-Hispanic blacks and whites were found in the Midwest and South. Among Hispanics lower prevalence was observed in the Northeast compared to other regions. At least three reasons may account for the racial and ethnic differences in obesity. First, racial and ethnic groups differ in behaviors that contribute to weight gain; second explanation may be differences in individual attitudes and cultural norms related to body weight. A third explanation may be differences in access to affordable, healthful foods and safe locations to be physically active; this limited access may negatively impact diet and physical activity levels. An ethnic group as subpopulations is that low -income and some racial and ethnic subpopulations are more likely to suffer from obesity. Inequities in the physical and social environment may contribute to disparities in pediatric obesity, but there is little empirical evidence to date. This study explored whether neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors attenuate racial and ethnic disparities in obesity among youth in the USA and whether individual-level socioeconomic status (SES) interacts with neighborhood deprivation. In addition, although some of the risk factors for obesity are relatively ubiquitous in settings where American children and youth spend their time in the mall or at home, epidemiologic evidence shows that African-American, Hispanic/ Latino, American Indian/Alaska. Native, and Pacific Islander populations and children experiencing poverty are more likely to live in environments with inadequate support for health-promoting behaviors. Assessing the impact of these different environments presents an enormous challenge for tracking progress against obesity in diverse populations. Racial/ethnic minority children bear a disproportionate share of the burden of obesity and its related comorbidities. The degree of obesity also differs among racial/ethnic minority children. Compared to non-Hispanic white children, non-Hispanic black girls and Hispanic boys had almost 2-fold greater odds of being severely obese. The urban populations of the United States are at a higher risk for obesity than their suburban and rural counterparts. The ethnicity of the urban residents plays a factor in their obesity. In the USA the prevalence of overweight among children aged 4–12 years rose twice as fast in Hispanic and African–American groups compared with white groups over the period 1986–1998. The socioeconomic aspect of the urban area neighborhoods is also a larger factor in the obesity of American urban youth. Culture can influence the utilization of health services; affecting the likelihood that childhood obesity can be prevented or effectively treated in specific ethnic groups. Although physical activity is obviously important in energy balance, intensive physical activity interventions in obese children have produced only small changes in body weight, with somewhat greater changes in metabolic and cardiovascular indexes. Obesity is disproportionately prevalent among racial/ethnic minority children and recent trends suggest these disparities are widening. Our findings suggest that modifiable risk factors throughout the life course, including factors during infancy and early childhood, as well as social conditions in childhood and trans-generational obesity, are critical to understanding how disparities in childhood obesity arise. They also imply that efforts to eliminate racial/ethnic disparities in childhood obesity should focus on preventing these early life risk factors within the socio-environmental context in which they occur. Studies of race and health frequently invoke racism, prejudice, and discrimination as possible reasons for high levels of morbidity and mortality among black and among other racial and ethnic minorities. Obesity is highly stigmatized in our society. Overweight and obese individuals are vulnerable to negative bias, prejudice and discrimination in many different settings, including the workplace, educational institutions, and health care facilities and even within interpersonal relationships. Despite the increasing prevalence of obesity, it appears that incidences of weight discrimination are only becoming worse. Obesity now affects one in five children in the United States. Discrimination against overweight children begins early in childhood and becomes progressively institutionalized. Because obese children tend to be taller than their no overweight peers, they are apt to be viewed as more mature. The inappropriate expectations that result may have an adverse effect on their socialization. References Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, et al. Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study. BMJ. 2005; 330(7504): 1357 http://pediatrics. aappublications. org/content/125/4/686. full Kimbro RT, Brooks-Gunn J, McLanahan S. Racial and ethnic differentials in overweight and obesity among 3-year-old children. Am J Public Health. 2007; 97(2): 298–305 Wang YC, Gortmaker SL, Taveras EM. Trends and racial/ethnic disparities in severe obesity among US children and adolescents, 1976-2006. International journal of pediatric obesity : IJPO : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2010 Mar 17; http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC3835398/ http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK24680/ Puhl, R. M. , Andreyeva, T. , & Brownell, K. D (2008). Perceptions of weight discrimination: prevalence and comparison to race and gender discrimination in America. International Journal of Obesity. doi: 10. 1038/ijo. 2008. 22 http://www. obesityaction. org/educational-resources/resource-articles-2/weight-bias/weight- discrimination-a-socially-acceptable-injustice.