Domestic Violence And Its Effects On Society - 1163 Words

Domestic violence can be describe as one of the most gruesome and misunderstood crime in our society. It can be as simple as verbal abuse and as complicated as a homicide where we walk a thin line between intentional harm and self-defence. There are two distinctive differences or stages of domestic violence. The first being some sort of â€Å"controlling behaviour explained as a range of acts designed to make a person subordinate and/or dependent by isolating them from sources of support, exploiting their resources and capacities for personal gain, depriving them of the means needed for independence, resistance and escape and regulating their everyday behaviour.† (Oonagh Gay, 2015). This controlling behaviour can either stay as such or excel as what is called a â€Å"coercive behaviour: an act or a pattern of acts of assault, threats, humiliation and intimidation or other abuse that is used to harm, punish, or frighten their victim.† (Oonagh, 2015). It is quite unsettling to find out victims are of any age, race, gender or social economic backgrounds. Even though, society believes women are the primarily victims of this crime; often men also find themselves being victims. However, are they the only ones? What can be said about the children involved that may not experience the abuse first hand, but are victims of seeing the horror of conjugal violence? The families of both parties: the abused and the abuser? Family of the victim may feel powerless in wanting to help their daughter/son,Show MoreRelatedDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society1745 Words   |  7 Pages Domestic Violence in Literature Domestic violence entails transgressions that tend to exhibit regular occurrence worldwide. Domestic violence is substantially attributable to the psychological, physical, mental, and sexual forms of suffering or anguish. Domestic violence further refers to the family violence or spousal abuse that defines the evident pattern of violent behaviors executed by one spouse to the other in the close affiliations that include courtships, matrimony, family, or individualsRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society1204 Words   |  5 Pages a.INTRODUCTION Domestic violence is defined as a violent behavior or an act of abuse between couples in the home. It is called family violence. Usually most women are harmed and the witnesses of this violence are also effected. This abuse is frowned upon in todays society. In Chile domestic violence wasn t taken seriously because of the cultural norm which was that men controlled the women. There are many treatments for the abuse but they are only focused on the victim; the one committing theRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society1649 Words   |  7 PagesIn America most cases of Domestic Violence are never actually reported, many times these cases go unheard and the victims suffer in silence. The worn out cries of a battered woman as she lays on the ground clutching herself and begging her significant other to just stop. The bruises and cuts that remain unreported due to the victim claiming they accidentally fell yet again. The abusers tend to make the victim almost entirely depend able on them. An abuser will do this to gain control and to createRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society869 Words   |  4 Pagesimbalance of neurotransmitters can impact an individual’s development and overall self-image. Equally, an individual’s experience with domestic violence and its horrific ramifications can also impact a person’s psychological, emotional, physical, and social growth. Domestic Violence Domestic violence, is a virulent calamity that has woven its way into our society for thousands of years. It is not biased to a particular race, group, or culture. Grievously, it has an everlasting negative impact onRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society1859 Words   |  8 Pagesdoors. Domestic violence kills. The facts are startling; one in every four women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime, and those are just the cases that are reported. In the past weeks, America’s eye has been fixated on the NFL and the Capital Justice Departments prosecution of Adrian Peterson, Ray Rice and Greg Hardy. They were all indicted on allegations of domestic violence and abuse. Each year, another stack of players are arrested, or â€Å"caught† with a history of domestic violenceRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society904 Words   |  4 Pagesout of every four women will go through domestic violence situations in life. (safehorizon.com) Dome stic violence is aggressive behavior towards someone else at home or in a relationship. This can happen at home between spouses/partners or parents and children. Domestic violence should be given more acknowledgment in the media and in classrooms so that people are aware of what is happening. If we do not continue to advocate for victims and educate society, victims will continue to suffer physicallyRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society2241 Words   |  9 PagesDomestic violence, a highly prevalent, almost authorized, legally penalized, almost always hidden heinous crime, has been a matter of concern in many countries. More so in India, as every 2 in 5 women face domestic violence in India and about once every five minutes an incident of domestic violence is reported in India, under its legal definition of cruelty by husband or his relatives. Although it is gender neutral, domestic violence is usually perpetrated against women and hence it becomes essentialRead Mor eDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society1360 Words   |  6 Pagesissue of domestic violence. Defined by domesticviolence.org (2012) as a behavior â€Å"used by one person in a relationship to control the other†, domestic violence can be physical, emotional, sexual, verbal, or even financial. Although the issue of abusers being punished is a significant one, it must be realized that there are victims, and those victims need help. Some countries have no concern or sympathy for victims, as more than twenty countries have no laws against abuse (Domestic Violence in DevelopingRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society1431 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence is that dark little secret kept by your neighbor, your friend, your family member, or even yourself. It touches the lives of men, women, and children in every ethnic and economic group on the face of the earth. In order to stem the tide of this egregious and infectious behavior we cannot consider it so lely a women’s issue. It is as much a men’s issue as it is a women’s issue, maybe more so, and can only be effectively addressed if we enlist and encourage the help of familyRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society1720 Words   |  7 PagesTo date, although domestic violence has been researched, the law remains a constraint to victims’ growth and stability. The laws and programs provided in today’s society are limited and affect the victims exit from domestic violence relationships. Further research could propel an initiation of better-developed laws and programs and cause a great impact in how victims respond to domestic violence. Few studies have researched how successful domestic violence victims have been with the legal process

Understanding consumer behaviour in business Free Essays

INTRODUCTION The question of how understanding consumer behaviour informs business success is a vital issue. According to Parkinson (1982) with the analysis of 16 British and German machine tool manufacturer and 129 of their customer, the consumer behaviour in Germany determine the business success of the German machine tool industry. This suggests that the study of consumer helps a firm or organisation improve their strategies in order to provide the best services for them. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding consumer behaviour in business or any similar topic only for you Order Now The customers are the major determining factor of a business. They need to be satisfied in order to keep patronising which brings about the growth and development of a business. After all, it is a consumer who decides what a business is. When you understand the behaviour of consumers, you can create products and services that provide the consumers with more value. And then you can market those products and services in ways that the consumers’ understand. The entire idea of reviewing consumer behaviour is to persuade customers’ to purchase. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the connection between consumer behaviour and business success. To achieve this certain factors needs to be considered and they are; the consumer buying process which are problem recognition, information research, evaluation of alternative, final purchase decision and post purchase behaviour. Also, personality, lifestyle, culture, emotions and satisfaction to mention a few needs to be put into consideration because the customers are from different geographical locations with different perspectives. Having considered all this, a business can then build a connection with the consumer which will bring about sales and development which is the aim of all business. This composition will concentrate on how the satisfaction and emotion of the consumers improves the success of a business. The essay argues that the understanding consumer behaviour through satisfaction and emotion informs business success. To understand your consumer; research are made which is the emotional and satisfaction research. The emotional brings about hidden attitudes, motivation and feelings while satisfaction tells us about the future needs and ideas for a new product. Firstly, a definition of terms will be presented; next, examples will be analysed .Then, the arguments against how understanding consumer behaviour informs business success. Understanding of consumer behaviour involves gathering of information from Economics, Marketing, Psychology and sociology. CONSUMERS According to Loudon D.L and Della Bitta A.J, A consumer is anyone who involves in physical activities of evaluating, acquiring, using or disposing of goods and services. A consumer is one who purchases a product or services from a particular organisation or firm. A customer is always defined in terms of a specific product or company. Customers may explain their satisfaction with a product or service in terms of specific aspects such as the product qualities, price, customer service, or a combination of these features. In order words, the consumer needs to be motivated and satisfied with the product or a service for them to patronize which brings about sales and growth between specific aspects of satisfaction and overall satisfaction. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR Consumer behaviour is useful to distinguish the outcome of a business. Consumer behaviour teaches companies of all sizes about the consumption patterns of their consumers as well as the internal and external influences that can affect the customers. Consumer behaviour reflects the totality of consumer’s decision with respect to the purchase, consumption and disposition of goods, services, time and ideas over time. Recognise consumer behaviour, you create products and services that provide the consumers with more value. Studying consumer behaviour is to motivate customers to purchase goods and services and to meet consumer emotions. Recognize consumer behaviour and explain the usefulness to better the marketability of an organisation or firm, explain your values, and increase your sales. BUSINESS SUCCESS The business is advised to identify and build a relationship with the customers. Understanding the consumers brings about growth and development. The business success requires the ability to know the weakness and strength. An organisation is advised to work on the strength instead of fixing the weakness. They should be able to adapt to all condition in order words tackle all problems as they come. In Conclusion, the organisations to meet the demand of their customers, they are advised to be productive which can be achieved through technology, automation, outsourcing and improving business sources. Having done all the above-mentioned, there will be an increase in purchase which helps in the success of the business. CONSUMER SATISFACTION Customer satisfaction has received considerable attention in the marketing literature and practice in recent years (Oliver, Westbrook and Oliver, Price et al).The cooperating with customers serves as a strategy in order to gain access to getting information on their needs and wants. Customer satisfaction can be described as a thinking process where customers consider whether their products, services and process needs are considered. Consumer satisfaction is defined as a post-consumption evaluation that a chosen alternative at least meets or exceed the expectations. According to Anderson, Satisfaction is a generally evaluation of performance based on all prior experiences with a firm. Customer satisfaction surveys can generate valuable information that enables an organisation to compare performance in different time period.Satisfaction measurement can make customers more satisfied as they receive position attention that they feel they are listened to. In order words, attention is given to customer satisfaction as a corporate goal.Szymanski,Spiro and Weitz suggests that The business plays a vital role in diagnosing and addressing customers’ needs and in sharpening the overall evaluation of the way in which the discrete exchange level. Hegebarth similarly argued that if contact centre capture and analyse customer interactions and share them throughout the organisation, as enormous opportunity exists in understanding customer needs and expectation, identifying opportunities and proactively addressing improvement areas. Aderson and Sullivan suggest that customers’ satisfaction is the overall or global judgement regarding the extent to which products and services performance match expectations. When a business has a close contact with the consumers, this influences the customers experience and creates a relationship satisfaction because consumer related information can only be obtained from consumers themselves. According to Beatty et al Customer-oriented business with customer understanding, proper customer care with trustworthy behaviour and reliable personal service are liable to building long term relationship with the customers. Winsted,Price et al recommend the important dimension of business that helps consumers perspective. They are mutual understanding, authenticity, extra attention, competence and meeting minimum standards of the consumers. With this, positive association between social regard and customer satisfaction are expected. Furthermore, several actions which are closely related to social regard increases customer satisfaction. According to Gremler and Gwinner (2000) an enjoyable interaction and personal connection on satisfaction with the company yield an encouraging outcome. The former variables included aspects such as â€Å"this employee relates well to me† or â€Å"this person has taken a personal interest in me†. Similarly, Van Dolen et al. (2002) found a positive effect of the â€Å"social competence† perceived by the customer on the customer’s encounter satisfaction, where social competence included aspects such as â€Å"the employee pays special attention to me†. On the other hand, recent results from Butcher et al. (2003) suggest a positive relationship between social regard and service satisfaction. Based on previous findings and taking into account that in a service context employees’ actions are an important driver of customer satisfaction (e.g., Price et al., 1995; Winsted, 1997; Van Dolen et al., 2002;Maxham and Netemeywer, 2003).The interaction with consumers as regards satisfaction has an impact on the business because working on the information increases organizational effec tiveness and also performance. With reference to Cisco,they used three types of data for customer satisfaction practice which were The Annual customers Satisfaction Survey Interviews with the targeted customer segments coupled with the internal brainstorming sessions. Records of individual transaction data. The survey indicated a broad problem, the detailed interviews showed the problem in detail and the transactional data indicates whether actions have achieved desired outcome. The brainstorming session help to identify the new opportunities. This has not only lead to customer loyalty but also profitability. CONSUMER EMOTION Customers attitude reveal the softer code of the business. Much of customers attitude about a brand are based on emotional connection they have formed with the company. Winkielman and Berridge (2004) argues that emotions, even if genuinely unconscious, may drive behaviour and reactions.Consumer use emotion in making good decision and to take effective action.Emotions play a highly motivating role in consumer behaviour. Emotions give us deeper understanding of the experimental aspects of consumption and are associated with the degree of consumer satisfaction by a strongly influential relationship.Consumers are typically and highly emotional about some brands and products while others are incompletely attached and indifferent about others.Consumers emotional connections have a specific and fairly simple structure regardless of the nature of the particular emotions involved. Bagozzi et al (1999) define emotions as mental states of readiness that arises from cognitive appraisals of events or one’s own thought.Furthermore Oliver (1997) suggests that emotion coexist with various thinking judgement which produces satisfaction and is important in understanding consumers consumption experiences. Emotion tends to have an influence on quality perception and customer behaviour (Liljander and Strandvik,1997).Positive emotions leads to positive word-of-mouth behaviour,while negative emotions may result to complaining behaviour.Customers respond to an event in certain ways in order to maintain positive emotion and to avoid negative emotions(Stauss and Neuhaus).An emotional reaction is part of the favourable experience (Cronin 2003,Sherry 1998).Oliver (1997) claims that the role of emotions is gaining attention as a central element in service quality management. Consumer emotion such as pleasure and sorrow are simple, primitive motivations in the consumer situ ation, and they are also critical factors in our choice of products and services. Consumer emotion shows that customer’s feelings of enjoyment serves as the best predictor of customers’ loyalty, while feelings of happiness serve as the best predictor of relationship quality. The business plays an important role in the delivery of service quality as well as the formation of the satisfaction. People remember emotional experience better than most other element of a brand experience. However, satisfaction influences the customers behavioural responses in form of customer loyalty, word -of ­-mouth, or switching behaviour. Oliver suggests that the role of emotion is to gain attention as a central element in service quality management.Consumer begin to form a strong emotional bond with an organisation after they experience multiple episode of helpful and enjoyable service.As customers become more confident in their relationship with companies,additional helpful experiences stimulate even stronger and more enduring emotional attachment toward the company.Furthermore,emotional connections are not only the province of certain ‘emotional’ categories or brands.Consumers are emotional about checking accounts and discount merchandise,not just about soft drinks and expensive fountain pens.Bank of America and Wal-Mart create emotional connections just as surely as Jeblue and Ipod.They do it in different ways depending on the people than the product but the result is the same. In conclusion, customers use emotion to make good decision and act effectively. THE LINK BETWEEN CONSUMER SATISFACTION AND CONSUMER EMOTION Emotions may be classified as a core component of satisfaction, since there is a positive relationship between customer satisfaction and brand loyalty,and customer satisfaction incorporates cognitive and emotional component because emotion influence behaviour,therefore positive emotions would increase the emotional satisfaction of clients with any service industry.Decision making process of customers is also affected by emotions, as positive would result in a positive attitude or behaviour towards a brand.The emotional satisfaction of the consumers can be increased by providing unique services to the consumers. Jacoby and Chestnut (1987) suggests that Services or products provided by an organisation must be unique in order to meet the satisfaction of the consumers. Bagozzi (1999)found that when customers are provided with unique products or services to meet their needs they show greater willingness to pay more in the future due to the positive emotions they have with the brand. When a high quality of service is rendered to customers, they are comfortable and therefore customers who are emotionally satisfied are likely to recommend the services to others Hui (2007).Satisfying the psychological needs of the customers,their promotes positive attitude towards the organisation while the emotional satisfaction leads to an increase in customers appreciation towards the firm.Consumer satisfaction and emotion encourages the consumers to be loyal to the firms with respect to goods or services provided.The business needs to be responsive to the consumers needs and wants which makes them happy.Understanding the consumer is vital in order to provide better,faster and more services.The determinant of getting customers involved so as to enhance their awareness, exception and assurance through active participation has been a common policy to obtain reasonable level of quality of and satisfaction with the organisation. With reference to global competition advance in technology has improved what create a standard level of service. Volvo started with a companywide education programme to boost customer satisfaction awareness. The company combined qualitative research on customer motivation with customer satisfaction research. It also organises direct customer contact by production and design teams meeting with the customers and the senior managers visiting dealers and the consumers regularly. Besides, Volvo does additional qualitative customer research to track consumers shifting perceptions about key product attributes. ARGUMENT AGAINST Consumer behaviour measurement has both benefits and limitations. This part of the essay will describe the limitations of consumer satisfaction and consumer behaviour which simply means the negative emotions and dissatisfaction. This is linked the opposite decision of the consumers to leave or discontinue with a particular firm or organisation. This may result to complaining behaviour from the consumers. According to Andreasen(1999) suggest that negative consumer behaviour caused by the business results in consumer exit which creates a state of tension that affects the success of the business. It affects several desirable outcomes like customer loyalty,word of mouth promotion and purchases(Fornell,Oliver and Swan) Mihelis et al argues that customers satisfaction is a dynamic parameter of business organisation and is affected by the changes in customer’s preference and expectations.Poor treatment towards the customers leads to lack of satisfaction will leads the customer to other organisation where they will be satisfied.This could lead to image tarnish when the customers complain to friends and partners.Concentration of business on solving financial issues makes them neglect their customers. This causes negative impact on a brand which makes the customers seek for better services from other organisations.If firms fail to develop strategies for managing consumer reaction,they face alienating and losing customer.Customers often only contact customer service or help line when something has gone wrong or they need problem solved, when such happens they are already in negative mood. This negative mood tends to fuel the negative perception of dealing with organisation’s customer servi ce personnel and reduce the customer’s zone of tolerance. It is therefore important for organisations to be willing to listen to the consumers and show understanding with empathy to customers’ predicament rather than leaving them unattended to. However, analysis seems to imply that emotions are brands that either inspire or does not, sports cars and perfumes are emotional while office supplies and households are not. The company faces major problem when it seeks to understand how the customers connect with the brands emotionally because emotions are treated as what can be sensed but not measured scientifically. When measures emotions are proposed, they are complex and difficult to administer. They organisations rely on strategies that are not always easy to replicate, like nonverbal photo sorts or deep psychological projective probing. In addition, while these measures may correlate with consumers stated intention, they may fail to provide sort of evidence that is dema nded in the boardroom.The problem of lengthy and complex questionnaire which are time consuming and difficult to develop consist of complex data which may be useful in improving quality shortfall but rarely shed light on customers expectation and delights.The consumers have problem understanding the questionnaire and therefore hard to interpret. RECOMMENDATION To ensure that all customers are satisfied,the service provider should avoid biasness,prejudice or discrimination against some customers.Developing a genuine desire and passion to serve others with skills and knowledge to serve their customers excellently.The business should engage in collection of customers opinion on services they render.The personnel dealing directly with the customers improves their satisfaction ,training and seminar should be conducted so that the best quality of service is delivered.High quality of services leads to customer satisfaction.The immediate response to customers complain increases emotional satisfaction as assurance that problems are solved on time which helps them retain their customers which increases loyalty(Hofstede 1994).According to Patterson (1999) customers express brand association through behaviour.Brand associations are represented as emotional impression in the memory such that customers are emotionally satisfied by services received whic h gives no room considering an alternative. Supphellen suggests emotional brand association increases brand loyalty by becoming the dominating determinant of choices.Retaining customers is cheaper compared to attracting new ones.A business usually puts emphasis on the relationship between the consumers perceptions about the quality of the service they receive.Information of data from consumers promotes the improvement of services which inturn increase brand loyalty.Customer loyalty to a certain brand varies in industries and markets(Quelch and Harding,1996).The relationship between a customer and the brand determines the loyalty of the customer to brand(Bluestein 2003). Personalization, friendliness ,flexibility ,efforts and respect helps organisation increase their brand loyalty so as to have long-term relationship with them. CONCLUSION It is a challenge for the organisations to ensure that clients are provided with the best quality services. This promotes the psychological, physical and emotional satisfaction of the clients. All customers’ aim at getting value for their money when they purchase a product or on service rendered. Research established the relationship between consumer emotion and consumer satisfaction in organisation show that high levels of satisfaction increases brand loyalty. Consumers are faced with an array of product selection and competition is fierce among companies. This is why your understanding of consumer behaviour is vital to the success of your business. When you understand your consumer better than the competition you have a greater chance of winning their business. Understanding of life satisfaction including the emotional aspects and their relationship to consumption should enable a business to target consumer in a more meaningful way.Companies that have created successful emot ional connection with their customers benefit in cash flow, make profit and improve market share. Emotional connection can be measured, enhanced and managed. The investigation into how customer survey should take account of emotional satisfaction of customers in order to have a better understanding of how to monitor and improve upon the psychological and emotional aspects providing a quality service in any organisation. REFERENCE Consumer Behavior: The Basics Customer satisfaction: review of literature and application to the product-service systems;Final report to the Society for Non-Traditional Technology, Japan (Oksana Mont,Andrius Plepys) imperative How to cite Understanding consumer behaviour in business, Essay examples

Evaluation of the Health Status of a Particular Community Sample

Question: Write a Report on the Steps Involved in Undertaking a Community Assesssment. Answer: Introduction Community assessment refers to an organized evaluation of the health status of a particular community or population in the society. Community health assessment is a very important process because it can help in identifying the health needs of the community before coming up with appropriate strategies to address them. It is a systematic process that is done by following a well-outlined procedure. There are many steps involved in community health assessment. Step One The first step in the assessment is the creation of the assessment team. Here, the team of experts and personnel involved in the assessment process is established and assembled together. It is necessary to do so because no assessment can be conducted without having a well organized team. Once it has been established, the team members should be properly inducted and trained on the tasks, roles, and responsibilities to undertake during the assessment (Schifferdecker, et al., 2016). Step Two The second step in the community health assessment is the identification and provision of resources that will be utilized during the activity. An assessment is a complex activity that requires adequate resources. A lot of resources such as money, assets, and other supplies should be utilized during the assessment period. For example, to study the health indicators of a community, tools like video recorders, stationery, voice recorders, mobile phones, and vehicles might be used (Krist, et al., 2016). Therefore, before rolling out the exercise, it is advisable to identify and search for all the necessary resources that will help in the process. Step Three The third step in the community health assessment is the identification and involvement of the local community partners. Community participation is an important activity that should not be overlooked when engaging in a health assessment initiative. It is important for the local community members to be actively involved in the process because of different reasons. Apart from health issues affecting them, the community members can help in providing useful information on how the issues can be addressed (McKenzie, et al., 2016). At the same time, the involvement of community participation can guarantee the success of the process because it can be accepted and approved by the community. Step Four The fourth step in the community health assessment is the gathering, and analysis of the data. Once all the prerequisite preparations are made, the next thing to do is to engage in the collection of data. To do so, a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods can be applied to help in collecting the community demographic profile data pertaining to income, education, culture, ethnicity, age, and gender (Morse, 2016). After the collection of the data, it should be analyzed using the most appropriate instruments before it is eventually presented to the target audience. Step Five The fifth step in the community health assessment is the setting of health priorities. As already hinted, the major aim of the community health assessment is to identify and resolve the health issues that affect the community. Therefore, after the collection and analysis of data, the next thing to do is to come up with viable strategies that can be applied to solve the problem. Here, all the issues will have to be tabled and addressed in order of priority. Prioritization is important at this stage because each problem should be handled depending on the magnitude of the threat posed to the community (Clark, et al., 2016). The prioritization of the needs will be achieved by consulting the community members who have a sound knowledge of the health issues affecting them. Step Six The sixth step in the community health assessment is the clarification of the health issues identified during the assessment process. Since the major aim of the assessment is to identify and resolve the heath issues affecting the community, it is important for the personnel involved in the process to explain more about it. When the data collection and analysis process is completed, the involved parties, authorities, and the community members should be informed on the progress (Eldredge, et al., 2016). Clarification is important because it equips the parties with accurate updates on the health issues and recommendations made after the assessment. Step Seven The seventh step in the community health assessment is the setting of goals and evaluation of the progress. Here, the assessment team has to assemble together and come up with realistic goals that should be met at the very end of the assessment. Goal setting is a core activity in the assessment procedure because it can help in ensuring that everything is conducted objectively. It can make the team to be committed and focused on accomplishing the target. However, in order t ensures that the goals achieved, each of the steps achieved should be measured (Abildgaard, Saksvik Nielsen, 2016). This can help in determining the extent to which the goals and objectives are accomplished. Step Eight The eighth stage in the community health assessment is the choosing of identification of the implementation strategies to be adopted. When everything is done as outlined here, the next thing to do is to come up with the most suitable strategies to adopt in order to address the health issues affecting the community. This simply means the provision of recommendations to be adopted in order to help the community to deal with the situation (Tu, Humphries Lear, 2016). Once the recommendations are given, the assessment process should be completed by the development of the community health assessment document before it is eventually availed for implementation. Conclusion In conclusion, community health assessment is a noble exercise that should always be undertaken. It is a crucial initiative that can help in the identification of the health challenges as well as coming up with strategies on how to deal with them so as to improve peoples health. However, for it to be a success, the assessment process should be done by following all the procedures beginning with the creation of the assessment team, identification of resources, engagement of community embers, collection analysis of data, goal setting, evaluation, and development of the community health assessment document. References Abildgaard, J. S., Saksvik, P. ., Nielsen, K. (2016). How to measure the intervention process? An assessment of qualitative and quantitative approaches to data collection in the process evaluation of organizational interventions. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. Clark, M. M., et al., (2016). Improvements in Health Behaviors, Eating Self-Efficacy, and Goal- Setting Skills Following Participation in Wellness Coaching. American Journal of Health Promotion, 30(6), 458-464. Eldredge, L. K. B., et al., (2016). Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. New York: John Wiley Sons. Krist, A. H., et al., (2016). The impact of behavioral and mental health risk assessments on goal setting in primary care. Translational behavioral medicine, 6(2), 212-219. McKenzie, A., et al., (2016). Consumer and community involvement in health and medical research: evaluation by online survey of Australian training workshops for researchers. Research Involvement and Engagement, 2(1), 16. Morse, J. M. (2016). Mixed method design: Principles and procedures. New York: Routledge. Schifferdecker, K.E., et al., (2016). A review of tools to assist hospitals in meeting community health assessment and implementation strategy requirements. Journal of healthcare management/American College of Healthcare Executives, 61(1), p.44. Tu, A.W., Humphries, K.H. and Lear, S.A., (2016). Longitudinal changes in visceral adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome: Results from the multicultural community health assessment trial (m-chat). Obesity Reviews, 17, p.47.

Michelangeloapos;s Inne Tomb of Julius II Essay Example

Michelangelos Inne Tomb of Julius II Essay In 1505 Pope Julius II called upon Michelangelo to come to Rome and construct his tomb.Michelangelo was a well known artist at the time and although he was hesitant to take the job, he knew it was a chance for him to built a monument that he hoped would be remembered not only as tomb for a great leader, but as a representation of his genius as a sculpture. Little did he know that it would be a project that would take him over forty 5and Julius II were both men with forceful personalities, big plans, and personal goals which they hoped to accomplish throughout the construction of the tomb .The two men came into conflict over the plans of the tomb and there were many times when the project was suspended because Michelangelo became so frustrated that he returned back to Florence where he wanted to complete the project on his own .Michelangelo worked on many other projects while he continued work on the tomb and it was not completed for over 30 years after the death of Julius II.Today th e tomb not only stands as a representation of the change in artistic style of Michelangelo but is also a reflection of the character and sentiment of Michelangelo during the time in which he worked on the Tomb.Figures like that of Moses and the slaves act as a representation of the frustrated sentiment that Michelangelo felt towards the project and its patron.The figures reflect his growth as an artist during the forty years of the tomb and those of Leah and Rachel stand as a representation of the mature sentiment and style that Michelangelo grew into over time. The tomb was no longer a grand monument but a personal battle for Michelangelo who did not finish it for the people, but for himself, as he believed that the masses were without judgment and always liked that which they should despise and criticize that which is highest of worth .It is a reflection of his pure sentiment, growth, and inner struggle as an artist during this t

My Ophidiophobia Essay Essay Example

My Ophidiophobia Essay Essay Example My Ophidiophobia Essay Essay My Ophidiophobia Essay Essay I don’t think that I’ve neer had a clip in my life when I was non afraid of serpents. To me there is nil more freighting than this creep. scaly. unblinking reptilian that adult male has abhorred since the beginning of clip. The subfield that is chiefly connected with phobic disorder is psychoanalytical psychological science. behavioural psychological science and physiological psychology. Harmonizing to our text. Psychoanalysis is a method of therapy based on Freud’s theory of personality. in which the healer efforts to convey pent-up unconscious stuff into consciousness ( Baron A ; Kalsher. 2008 ) . Behavioral psychological science is a school of psychological science that clarifies all mental and bodily activity in footings of reaction by secretory organs and musculuss to external factors ( stimulation ) . Neuropsychology surveies the construction and intent of the encephalon as they transmit to fixed emotional procedures and behaviours. It is seen as a clinical and experimental field of psychological science that aims to analyze. buttocks. understand and dainty behaviours straight related to encephalon operation. The intent of this paper is to discourse how biological bases of behaviour have contributed to this fright. I besides will analyse my reactions when I came into contact with the physical presence of a bogus reptilian. And. eventually. discourse the function that larning has had on the fact that I fear and hate serpents. Our text provinces that anxiousness is an increased rousing accompanied by generalised feeling of fright or apprehensiveness. When this fright becomes inordinate or enfeebling. this is known as a phobic disorder. Findingss by Ohman and Mineska have suggested that we may possess a biologically determined faculty in our encephalons for fright of serpents because this fright is good for our endurance ( Ohman A ; Mineska. 2001 ) . The inquiry has been asked. what are the beginnings of phobic disorder? One possibility involves the procedure of classical conditioning. A stimulation is introduced that was non supposed to arouse strong emotional reactions. in my instance came to make so. I will discourse this in my physical reaction subdivision. It could be surmised that worlds learned to fear serpents early in their development and the 1s who distinguished the being of serpents really quickly would hold been more likely to go through on their cistrons. It is painful to analyse my reactions to serpents because. even thing about them make it really hard to type. I truly have a deep fright of them. The most awful experience that I remember is a really barbarous gag that my cousin played on me. He knew I was afraid of serpents but one twenty-four hours I was over his house and he called me into his room because he was hearing sounds. I walked in his room and he had a fantastic devise hidden in his room and I heard it but did non tie in it to a rattler because there was no ground for one of them to be in the room. He reached under his bed a pulled out a realistic reproduction of a Crotalus adamanteus rattlesnake and I instantly urinated all over myself while frozen in fright. When he saw what I had done. He abundantly apologized he assist me clean up the muss that I had made. Since this incident I feel that I have post-traumatic emphasis upset because sometimes a dream about serpents for no ground. I refused to watch the move Anaconda and neer have been in the serpent house at the public menagerie. The impact of foundational larning about my fright of serpents helps to give me an apprehension of some of the grounds why I hate serpents so much without neer truly coming in contact with any deathly one in my whole being. I have learned the beginnings of my phobic disorder may come from some profoundly frozen repressions deep in my encephalon and that serpents may stand for something other than the physical animal that I detest and utterly apprehension. Harmonizing to this theory. my phobic disorder may be based in anxiousness reactions of the Idaho that have been repressed by the self-importance. The presently feared object is non the original topic of the fright. Besides. harmonizing to larning theories. phobic disorders develop when fright responses are reinforced or punished. My experience with my cousin reinforced the thought that serpents are to be terrified of. The medical theoretical accounts of psychological science provinces that mental upsets are caused by physiological factors Neuropsychologists have acknowledged that certain familial factors that may play a function in the progress of phobic disorder. Although the probe is still in its early phases. it is recognized that certain medical specialties that affect the brain’s interaction are helpful in handling phobic disorder ( Ohman. Flykt. A ; Estevez. 2001 ) . In decision. at that place seems to be legion options available for me to seek aid if I decide to turn to my ophidiophobia. If one takes the psychoanalytical attack. if may take old ages of depth psychology to dig deep into the deferrals of my encephalon and draw out pent-up memories that were the foundation of my fright of serpents. Following. from a erudite behaviour attack. I may be re-programmed non to see the triggers that lead to the enfeebling feeling that I have when I come in close propinquity of serpents. Finally. if neuropsychology holds the reply to my job. I may take the path of taking experimental medicine to find it helps my fright. I think that I am more afraid of experimental drugs than I am of serpents. so. if I had the resources. I would likely take the first two options.

Richard Trevithick, Locomotive Pioneer

Richard Trevithick, Locomotive Pioneer Richard Trevithick was a pioneer in early steam engine technology who successfully tested the first steam-powered locomotive, but he ended his life in obscurity. Early Life Trevithick was born in Illogan, Cornwall, in 1771, the son of a Cornish mining family. Dubbed â€Å"The Cornish Giant† for his height- he stood 6’2†, remarkably tall for the time- and for his athletic build, Trevithick was an accomplished wrestler and sportsman, but an unaccomplished scholar. He did, however, have an aptitude for math. And when he was old enough to join his father in the mining business, it was clear that this aptitude extended to the blossoming field of mine engineering, and especially in the use of steam engines. Industrial Revolution Pioneer Trevithick grew up in the crucible of the Industrial Revolution, surrounded by emerging mining technology. His neighbor, William Murdoch, was pioneering new advances in steam-carriage technology.   Steam engines were also used to pump water out of the mines.  Because James Watt already held a number of important steam-engine patents, Trevithick attempted to pioneer steam technology that didn’t rely on Watt’s condenser model.   He succeeded, but not well enough to escape Watt’s lawsuits and personal enmity. And while his use of high-pressure steam represented a new breakthrough, it also drew concerns about its safety. Despite setbacks which gave credibility to those concerns- one accident killed four men- Trevithick continued his work on developing a steam engine that could reliably haul cargo and passengers. He first developed an engine called The Puffing Devil, that traveled not on rails, but on roads. Its limited ability to retain steam prevented its commercial success, however. In 1804, Trevithick successfully tested the first steam-powered locomotive to ride on rails. At seven tons, however, the locomotive- called The Pennydarren- was so heavy it would break its own rails. Drawn to Peru by opportunities there, Trevithick made a fortune in mining- and lost it when he fled that country’s civil war. He returned to his native England, where his early inventions had helped lay the foundation for vast advances in rail locomotive technology. Trevithicks Death and Burial I have been branded with folly and madness for attempting what the world calls impossibilities, and even from the great engineer, the late Mr. James Watt, who said to an eminent scientific character still living, that I deserved hanging for bringing into use the high-pressure engine. This so far has been my reward from the public; but should this be all, I shall be satisfied by the great secret pleasure and laudable pride that I feel in my own breast from having been the instrument of bringing forward and maturing new principles and new arrangements of boundless value to my country. However much I may be straitened in pecunary circumstances, the great honour of being a useful subject can never be taken from me, which to me far exceeds riches.- Richard Trevithick in a letter to Davies Gilbert Denied his pension by the government, Trevithick caromed from one failed financial endeavor to another. Struck by pneumonia, he died penniless and alone in bed. Only at the last minute did some of his colleagues manage to prevent Trevithick’s burial in a pauper’s grave. Instead, he was interred in an unmarked grave at a burial ground in Dartford. The cemetery closed not long after. Years later, a plaque was installed near what is believed to be the site of his grave.

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 15

Project management - Essay Example 2014). Leadership styles differ by organisations and the task that is being carried out. This section of the essay will discuss these leadership styles and conclude on the most effective style that a leader should practice when dealing with his or her employees (O’Connor & Yballe 2007). The authoritarian leadership style entails a leader making all the decisions regarding the project and passing the directives to the employees. The employees are further expected to carry out the directives under close and strict supervision. The subordinates should not question the directives and should ensure that each instruction apply to the letter. In such leadership, innovation and creativity from the employees is not put into practice since the leader does not take into consideration the views of the employees (MÃ ¤kilouko 2004). There are all sorts of control measures from the management such as punishments, task orientation, rewards and arbitrary rules. The leadership assumes that the manager knows it all and is sure of what is best for the organisation (Curran & Niedergassel 2011). Democratic leadership style entails a structured and cooperative system that has space for employees to make decisions. Much focus is directed to group relations and the sensitivity of the employees in the organisation (Avolio et al. 2009). The leader who practices such type of style in his or her leadership requires professional competence. The employees take responsibility of their actions, and the leader must not be there to supervise like in the authoritarian leadership style. The subordinates share ideas with the manager and the entire team concerning activities that the project has. The leaders who use this type of leadership style are confident, warm and friendly and encourage the employees to participate and grow professionally (Makipere & Yip 2008). Democratic leadership

Identify one major political event in an African country Essay - 1

Identify one major political event in an African country - Essay Example The main objective of the paper includes making the exploration of the actual political scenario of the Libyan politics, which had experienced a significant blow during the last few years in the name of so-called ‘awakening of the Arab nations’ for introducing imperative alterations to the Afro-Arab politics to a great extent. The paper will also examine the reasons behind the unexpected revolt against the Qaddafi regime. The paper is also interested in investigating into the external factors, including the US role, in respect of toppling the Qaddafi regime for the establishment of a pro-American political system in the lines adopted by the European powers of colonial era for turning the weak and backward states to be their subjugated domains in order to introduce and enforce the policies of their choice as well as to force the small countries for developing social, economic, business and trade relations with the USA. Hence, the paper will portray a comprehensive scenari o paving the way towards 2011 revolt in Libya in the light of internal and external factors controlling and regulating the rebellion and rebels at large. Muammar Qaddafi served as one of the most dominant and influential figures of the twentieth century Afro-Arabian political world, which left indelible impact of his political and strategic achievements in the entire region during the second half of the last century till the first decades of new century. By dint of his exceptional intellect, deep foresight and outstanding wisdom, he successfully played the role of a central figure in the national politics of Libya for over four decades, where he was the sole decision-maker of the fate of his country and its masses at large. Though, apparently, he was considered to be unconquered and supreme in national politics, who would sustain power till the last day of his life, Qaddafi became the victim of purported Arab Spring appeared by the mid of December 2010 with the big powers in

Marcus Ang Is A Member From The Field Sales Section Essay Example for Free

Marcus Ang Is A Member From The Field Sales Section Essay Marcus Ang is a member from the field sales section. His sales performance in the recent months has been below target in contrast to his outstanding sales in the past years. Marcus blames it on the poor economic situation, however the other sales staff seem to able meet their target. How should Madam May May attribute Marcus’s performance? First of all, Madam May May has to know about what happened to Marcus. What causes him to blame the poor economic situation while the other sales staff still be able to meet their target. As we learn from the organization behavior, we know that employee’s behavior will affect the performance of an organization. According to Fritz Heider and H.H. Kelly, they stated that people’s behavior is affected by internal and external factors. On the other hand, Kelley’s attribution theory refers to three types of factors which are distinctiveness, consensus and consistency. Distinctiveness is about whether the subordinate’s behavior occur during the performance of this task only? Next, consensus is like whether this behavior unusual for the subordinate’s peers? Then, consistency is about if this behavior unusual for the subordinate in other situations? In this situation, Madam May May should first consider about the factor of consensus. As Marcus cannot be able to hit the target while other are able to reach their target. Next Madam May May should consider about locus of control dimension, which mean whether the primary cause of the behavior is a characteristic of the subordinate, or a characteristic of the situation. Second ,stability dimension whether the subordinate is likely to remain stable or unstable? The crossing of the locus of control and stability dimensions produces four casual factor that a leader can utilize to explain a subordinate’s behavior, ability , task difficulty , luck ,chance, effort.

Eye Ball :: Literary Analysis, Spiegelman

What would you expect to be the mindset of a misfit kid who isn’t really that popular who is playing baseball with the other kids because he wants to fit in with them instead of being himself? There is such a boy in a first person short story that was written by a worldly-renowned author. In â€Å"Eye Ball,† Spiegelman uses characterization to develop the theme of be yourself and don’t try to fit in with others at the expense of showing your true self. Spiegelman’s use of the little misfit boy as a round character reflects the theme because he realizes that he doesn’t fit in so well with all the other boys. Being a kid with Amblyopia, or â€Å"lazy eye†, he already knew that he was at a disadvantage and he points out his condition when he is saying â€Å"since I’m virtually blind in my left eye† and when he said â€Å"Amblyopia, a â€Å"lazy eye,† made my whole world 2D† (130). He still tries to play baseball with the other boys, but he quickly finds out that he isn’t that good at it. Identification can be made with the out-of-place feeling that the little boy most have felt. Now he is most likely feeling down because he did poorly when he was up at bat. Most out of place people â€Å"must escape into fantasy and/or develop a rarefied sense of humor to survive† (130). The usual â€Å"boy in 1950s America, baseball was not optional and to be inept assured a place in the social hierarchy even lower than a girl’s† (130). This shows that there was a current stereotype of how little boys should be and he tried to be stereotypical with all of the other little boys. Spiegelman’s use of the little misfit boy as a dynamic character reflects the theme because he learns to be himself and not try to be something that he isn’t. He realizes that he is out of place when the boys placed him and he â€Å"was inevitably relegated to right field, far out of harm’s way† (130). While in the outfield he thought that his boredom took out his â€Å"anxiety that a ball might come† (130). He already knew before he went with the boys, that playing baseball with them wasn’t going to go smooth so he â€Å"often kept some comic book handy† (130). While he is thinking, he finally realizes that his true comfort is in comics and not sports.

In Jean Paul Sartre’s novel Nausea

In Jean Paul Sartre’s novel Nausea, the origin of Roquentin’s nausea is shown to be the essence by which things are named and which acts as a faà §ade over the more genuine nature of their existence. Throughout his experience, Roquentin realizes that much of what is touted as important in life is really non-essential. In fact, he finds that the deepest mysteries are hidden by a more frivolous veneer of plurality, to which people give names based on their attributes.These plural objects he finds himself disgusted with—beginning with the stone he held in his hand at his moment of epiphany. This nausea that is experienced by Roquentin is in direct contrast to individuality, because at root he believes that all comes down to existence. People and objects exist; that is all that can and should be said about them. All their other attributes are merely decoys blinding people to the real truth about themselves and their world. Therefore, any individualism is a mere illu sion, and further claims made by persons concerning ideologies are simply efforts at distracting oneself from the confounding mystery of existence.Roquentin’s nausea manifests itself as a reaction to the nominal nature of objects. This idea of naming objects (nouns) is one that distracts the mind from the fact that the object is there, in existence, without any real explanation as to why it exists. Roquentin says, â€Å"Everywhere, now, there are objects like this glass of beer on the table there. When I see it, I feel like saying: ‘Enough!’† (Sartre, 8). In fact, this is the way his nausea reacts to all attributes of objects, including color, taste, and other features by which people describe them.The apprehension of an object as a â€Å"blue book,† for instance, explains away the existence of the object and prevents one from marveling at the fact that it exists at all. This kind of â€Å"apprehension† can occur most readily when a thing can be seen, and this explains why Roquentin’s nausea occurs only in the light. The light, according to the reasoning put forth by Roquentin, is where an object’s existence becomes obscured. In the dark (or even in the mind of a subject who thinks of the object) the subconscious is likely to think of the thing only in terms of its being â€Å"there†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is, being in existence. However, in the light, the senses are apt to pick up such things as shape, color, and text. These peripheral things are mere distractions–frivolities that serve to concoct a reason for the things existence and to divert the mind from the profound fact of the thing.In the same way, Roquentin’s nausea rises against personalities of his and past eras, and this can be seen as a method of criticizing any tendency toward individualism. This can be seen as he views certain paintings and portraits of personalities. It can also be seen in his nauseated reaction to such persons as the Self-Taught Man and others, whose past lives he comes to dismiss as being non-existent like all things past. These people, he argues, have succumbed to an illusion of past glory and exploits, and from this have come to deny their own existence by promoting their essence.In contrast, Roquentin views such historical personalities as Robespierre, Lenin, and Cromwell all as one (Sartre, 69). This proceeds from the idea (noted earlier) that the attributes of a given thing act as a glare that prevents the viewing of the more important fact of existence which lies beyond the glare. Following this reasoning, then anything or anyone that seeks to make a name for himself and denies his/her oneness with the inexplicable existence of the universe acts futilely.The work that Roquentin constructs around the marquis Rollebon is described as conjecture rather than reality. In fact, the only reality that Roquentin acknowledges is the present. This underlines the concept within the novel that de bunks individualism, as Roquentin’s mining of the past to create the marquis can only create a false version of the man. This is further demonstrated in the fact that the marquis’ life is recreated only through retelling his actions or describing his features. Yet, these are both examples of the things that nauseate Roquentin—the very attributes that distract from the mystery of the marquis’ existence.In fact, Roquentin says of Rollebon, â€Å"He is a bubble of fog and desire, he is pale as death in the glass, Rollebon is dead,† (Sartre, 102). The significance of this is that, through Roquentin’s book, these attributes attempt to mask the fact that Rollebon is dead and therefore no longer in existence. It is existence that is important. Non-existence equals unimportance, regardless of ones attributes and exploits. Therefore, Roquentin ceases to continue writing Robellon’s history. This idea can be further generalized to all persons wh o somehow become distinct from all others in existence (whether by naming at birth or subsequent celebrity) as this is all meaningless.The nausea experienced by Roquentin is also a reaction to human beings’ tendency to generalize ideas and form them into ideologies. His reaction to Self-Taught Man’s socialism highlights the movement as a frivolous regard for â€Å"brothers,† â€Å"sisters,† â€Å"fellow humans† and â€Å"mankind† which in reality are names and attributes that merely mask a more homogeneous existence that is common to all that are in the world. This existence unites man with animal and with inanimate objects, and any attempt to individualize or distinguish those things around which ideologies are formed is fruitless.Roquentin also refers to what he terms â€Å"contingency.† He writes, â€Å"The essential thing is contingency. I mean that one cannot define existence as necessity† (Sartre, 131). This hints at the idea that any particular reason concocted by the human mind that points toward the need for a thing’s existence is beside the point of existence, which is by no means essential. In Roquentin’s conception, therefore, such explanations are non-essential. The only thing that matters is that a thing exists at all, and not ideologies that explain why it exists.The nausea that is experienced by Roquentin exists as a result of his growing disgust with the nominalization of the homogeneous world. He experiences a vertiginous reaction to the illumination of individual objects, which highlights the thing’s attributes. Yet it is these attributes that most prevent the apprehension of their profound existence, as they offer an illusory reason for the thing’s otherwise inexplicable presence in the world.This represents a form of individualism that Roquentin believes is a faà §ade, as all things (persons, objects, animals, etc.) are one in existence. This idea, which i s the origin of Roquentin’s nausea, presents therefore an argument against individualism. It also presents a similar argument against ideology, as these so-called universal concepts are based on beliefs about (or on attributes of) particular things—and these attributes in reality do not exist.Work CitedSartre, Jean Paul. Nausea. New York: New Directions Publishing Corporation.

Marcel Duchamps and Andy Warhol Essay

Art is an extremely subjective form of human expression and no one exemplifies the modern expression better than Andy Warhol. Despite numerous accusations against him for his treatment of the said subjects, Andy Warhol has become the archetypal modern artist: a man who has turned the proverbial tables on art as we know it. Several decades prior to Warhol, however, was an equally controversial artist, Marcel Duchamps whose Dada influence contributed to a new way of looking at study objects. How are these two artists connected a how did Dada influence Pop – Art as a movement? Marcel Duchamps is famous for a number of abstract pieces including The Fountain (1917/1964). The Fountain essentially consists of a toilet-bowl, glazed and signed. The idea behind this object appears to be asking the viewer whether or not this is in fact a fountain. Duchamps attempts to give the viewer another way of looking at the object. Rather than simply being an ablutionary article, the toilet-bowl also represents a man-made vehicle for water movement. At the same time as Duchamps movement, there had been artists such as Rene Magritte who presented a similar image in his Treachery of Images collection (1928-1929). His painting This is not a Pipe created a stir in the industry with the question similar to Duchamps: is what we see really what it is? Take for instance Duchamps Three Standard Stoppages (1914-1915) which also represented a number of questions. The Stoppages are presented as a mathematically devised collection of stoppages on glass plates. However, Duchamps named this piece a ‘readymade’ collection. This would mean that the objects are found and left to speak for themselves in the same way as The Fountain. The whole idea of Duchamps work compared to previous artistic movements was that previously the importance of art was to recreate reality instead of manipulate it. The modern movement manipulated the reality, thereby questioning its existence. Andy Warhol on the other hand also used object: human objects. While his use of other objects also existed, people played an important role in his work as a whole. Celebrities offered him ‘muses’ and a symbiotic relationship of creating celebrity and enhancing it. His works of celebrities included Marilyn Monroe (1962), Liz Taylor (1962) and various others such as Elvis Presley and the Beatles. Similar to Duchamps, Warhol photographed inanimate articles that represented the modern world we live in. Corn Flakes (silk-screen, date unknown), is a silk-screened depiction of the modern objects we have come to know as part of our world. The ‘readymade’ idea comes back into pay with the idea that modernity spelt the easy access to such commodities as breakfast in a box. This was important to the Pop-Art movement as presented later by other Pop artists such as Roy Lichtenstein who created the popular art-form of cheesy comic book reality that represents the falseness of the society in which we live. Warhol’s Skull on Paper (1977) was another use of the object depiction that relied entirely on how the viewer decided to interpret it. If life was indeed expendable then it was the same as any other object that is used and thrown out. Warhol used a certain muse that became the downfall of his object obsession: Edie Sedgwick. Edie Sedgwick was also merely an object in the same way that the Cornflakes or the Skull was. Edie Sedgwick (1966) was taken a few years before her untimely death, and showed the glamorous socialite in a variety of poses similar to that of the pictures taken of Marilyn Monroe shortly before her death. Sedgwick looked wooden and vulnerable: the same way she was in reality but being versatile enough to take on a number of personae. What we have, essentially is a series of objects ranging from animate (human) to inanimate (boxes and skulls). The question is: does the humanity of the object make it any less of an object? Duchamps used articles also such as paper, wood, ceramics and photographs also in his composition Box in a Suitcase (1935-1941) we see the unlikely positioning of photographic material in what we presume is a suitcase. Warhol similarly presents articles in unnatural situations, such as Marilyn Monroe and Liz Taylor with various colored hair, such as green and red. The shift in how we view objects was initially explored by Duchamps and further explored by Warhol. As one artist movement invariably affects the next, the influences of Dadism and Surrealism on modern art are cannot be ignored. We see that found objects such as those used by Duchamps can be used to represent things that we would not generally associate them with. We can see that there is necessary resemblance of toilet-bowls to fountains but we rarely see them in that perspective if we are sitting on them. Likewise, we eat cornflakes without regarding them as artistic pieces we wish to hang on the wall: they are disposable. While performing one task and duty they are taken for granted with regards to other uses. A skull too can be viewed as depiction but not in the same way as a picture of Liz Taylor or Marilyn Monroe could be. The question here is not whether or not something should be seen as art or not but whether it can be seen as something more than it actually is. It is effectively the art of philosophy and ridicule rather than art for art’s sake. We can clearly see that objects play an important part in modern art, Pop Art in particular. This has occurred in the changing climate of our existence which is far less genteel than in previous years. Our throw-away society relies on everything being ‘readymade’, space saving and time saving. With this in mind, art has always been used to express the state of humanity at the time. It is a recording of reality at any one time, and Pop Art merely explores the world that exists as material and artificial: objects being the primary subject. Museum of Modern Art: Marcel Duchamps: http://collections. sfmoma. org/THA822*1$2139*493827 Andy Warhol: http://collections. sfmoma. org/THA753*1$2167*495233

Spanish Banks In Latin America The WritePass Journal

Spanish Banks In Latin America Abstract Spanish Banks In Latin America Abstract1.What were the underlying reasons (or motives) behind the internationalization of leading Spanish banks in the 1980s and 1990s?a) What issues should firms consider in selecting international markets to enter? 2.  In light of this, why did the leading Spanish banks target Latin America for their international expansion?ConclusionReferenceRelated Abstract The service sector has in the past few decades seen an increase in the integration of global economies. The expansion of Spanish banks into Latin America is a striking example of the degree of globalization and integration of financial markets that is increasingly taking place across the globe. The leading Spanish banks have augmented their presence in Latin America to become the largest foreign institutions in retail banking In view of the above, this paper sheds a light on the process of internationalization with the aim of seeking answers to these questions: What were the motives behind the expansion? Why did Latin America become the target of this expansion and not other European countries? And lastly, why did the leading Spanish banks mainly enter Latin American market via acquisitions?   Based on the analysis, the paper finds that the expansion was partly due to increasing liberalization and deregulation of financial activities and in part, a result of the integration of Spain into the EU. The paper also finds that the motives or the reasons behind the expansion were to increase client base, attain greater investment diversification and to thrive in the competitive globalized business environment. Latin America not only offered good investment opportunities but also provided a solution to the problem of lack of competitiveness that most Spanish banks faced. 1.What were the underlying reasons (or motives) behind the internationalization of leading Spanish banks in the 1980s and 1990s? The service sector has in the past few decades seen an increase in the integration of global economies. The internationalization of banks is a striking example of the degree of globalization and integration of financial markets that has taken place across the globe (Cardone-Riportella Cazorla-Papis 2001). The massive presence of globalized financial institutions, especially the leading Spanish banks has changed the picture of banking, insurance and pension fund in Latin America (Calderon 2000). Whilst the presence of foreign banks in Latin America is not a new phenomenon, the second half of the 1990s saw the internationalization of leading Spanish banks on an unprecedented scale (Slager 2005). Whereas the expansion process occurred in both periods of the 1980s and 1990s, it was in the 1990s that the degree of internationalization grew significantly (Bejar 2007). Santander first entered Chile in 1978. By 1982, it had already acquired Banco Espanol Chile (Guillen Tschoegl 2000). In 1995 Santander was ranked at position 6 in commercial banking. A further acquisition of Banco Osorno y La Union in 1996 further pushed it to the second position. Its success in the Chilean market is attributed to its superhipoteca, a new mortgage product with aggressive pricing, which allowed the bank to gain 20% of new mortgages (Guillen Tschoegl 2000). Similarly, in Argentina where Citibank and BankBoston had dominated for many years, the two leading Spanish banks, Santander and BBV, acquired some of the most profitable banks. In 1997, Santander acquired Banco Rio de la Plata. On the other hand, BBV acquired Banco de Credito Argentino and Banco Frances (Guillen Tschoegl 2000). But while BBVs acquisition of Banco Frances was okay, the acquisition of Banco de Credito Argentino was accompanied by many integration problems (Guillen Tschoegl 2000). In Mexico, Citibank was the only foreign bank that was allowed to operate. But with Mexico joining NAFTA in1994, it agreed to permit the operations of North American bank and extended the opening to all member states of the OECD (Guillen Tschoegl 2000). BBV became the first Spanish bank to enter Mexico through the invitation of Probursa. By the late 1990s, it had already established its presence in Mexico with over 335 branches (Guillen Tschoegl 2000). BCH became the second to enter by acquiring Banco Atlantico and Bital. Santander came third in 1997, acquiring 61% of InverMexico and Banco Mexicano (Guillen Tschoegl 2000). Just as it did in Argentina and Chile, these leading Spanish banks also introduced new innovative ideas in Mexico, building a strong depositor base but pursuing different strategies. For example, while BBV introduced ‘libreton’ in 1996, Santander mimicked it by introducing its ‘supercuenta’ (Guillen Tschoegl 2000). BBV had within a few months created more than 460,000 new accounts whereas ‘Santander’ boasted of 240,000 accounts (Guillen Tschoegl 2000). This internationalization is a result of the growing financial liberalization and deregulation. Initially, the banking system in Spain was one of the most regulated in the world with restrictive rules that prevented entry of foreign banks. But in the mid-1970s, there was a significant transformation of Spain from being a politically and economically inward looking country to one that was more open and dynamic (Guillen 2005). The process of financial liberalization and deregulation began. This process of change was speeded up by Spain’s accession to the EU in 1986 (Guillen 2005). Among the chief underlying reasons for expansion into Latin America was the need to increase client base, attain greater investment diversification in the high growth potential areas and the need to thrive in the competitive landscape (Sebastian Hernansanz 2000). The deregulation of the 1980s and Spain’s accession to the EU increased competition in retail banking. Spains accession to the European Community in 1986 initiated the process of liberalization and deregulation of the banking sector (Bejar 2007). The deregulation included complete liberalization of interest rates and commissions, new legislations covering pension funds and reforms to the stock market (Parada et al 2009). The process of liberalisation and deregulation was further accelerated with the approval of the Single European Act and Economic Monetary Union which prepared the ground for adoption of the euro within the EU (Bejar 2007). These legislative initiatives had major effects on Spanish banks approach and strategy. The leading spanish banks were obliged to transcend their territorial or rather national boundaries in order to increase their competitiveness, diversify their investments and to protect themselves from acquisitions and takeovers by other foreign firms (Bejar 2007). Thus, given the competitive landscape and the need to diversify investments, the leading Spanish banks had to introduce new strategies to retail banking. During that time, the continent of Latin America displayed good investment opportunities. The leading Spanish banks saw a unique opportunity to attain dimensions in Latin America that would provide them with an edge in the demanding international financial markets (Calderon Casilda 2000). Thus the advantages of localization, the low level of banking services in the region and the growing liberalization led to the expansion of Spanish banks into Latin America (Cardone-Riportella Cazorla-Papis 2001). It follows that the decision to expand into Latin America was driven by the need to exploit the favourable financial system environment in the region and to attain greater investment diversification in Latin America. This would enable the Spanish banks to thrive in the competitive globalized business environment a) What issues should firms consider in selecting international markets to enter? The factors affecting the decision to internationalize activities may vary with a banks chosen entry mode. Whilst determinants such as economic growth and high net interest margin may promote one entry mode, others such as the high concentration in the sector and tax relieves can impact positively on the other structures (Hryckiewicz Kowalewski 2008). Nonetheless, there are certain issues that must be consider when selecting international markets to enter. These can be illustrated clearly with the help of theoretical models. According to the theory of internationalization, companies internationalize value-generating operations based on the advantages derived from such process of internationalization (Slager 2009). The internationalization process materializes through FDI and contributes to value creation if the benefits of using intangible assets across country borders overrun the cost of operating in the foreign market (Rugman 1976). Another model that can explain the decision to expand operations into a foreign market is the Transaction cost theory. Based on the transaction cost theory, the decision to enter a foreign market is determined by acquisition of costs including the cost of managing uncertainty (Williamson 1985). The lack of trust and the presence of uncertainty inform the decisions on whether or not to form alliances, mergers and acquisitions (Bergen et al 1992). Finally, there is the Uppsala model that is often used. According to this model, the focus of internationalization efforts will essentially be on the closer markets due to gradual accumulation of experiential knowledge in these markets which reduces the uncertainty effect (Curci Cardoza 2009). The expansion of these leading Spanish banks into Latin America confirms the predictions of the Uppsala model which views internalization as an incremental commitment based on the accumulation of experiential knowledge in foreign markets. In the 1980s, the re-dimensioning process of the European market had not started yet (Mathieson 2005). Due to increased uncertainty in the Latin American market at the time, banks entered timidly with minimal investments. These Spanish banks thus committed low resources during this period due to the risk involved and given their lack of experiential knowledge in the region. But in the 1990s, the re-dimensioning was already underway and in view of the lesser risk and uncertainty; the Spanish banks began investing in the region by acquiring some of the most profitable banks (Mathieson 2005). Amongst these Spanish banks, the most assertive was Santander primarily due to its strong capital base and previous experience in the region (Guillen Tschoegl 1999). BBV, on the other hand, was at first cautious in investing in the region due to the lack of exposure in the region (Guillen Tschoegl 1999). But later, it increased its investments in the region acquiring a number of profitable banks. This clearly illustrates the benefits of low commitment entry modes and taking time to understand the foreign market before increasing investments. 2.  In light of this, why did the leading Spanish banks target Latin America for their international expansion? The international expansion of Spanish banks into Latin America was speeded up by Spain’s accession to the EU (Curci Cardoza 2009). At the time, competition had grown intensely and it had become increasingly difficult to grow business in the saturated domestic markets. With Spain joining the EU in 1986, it generated a new threat as operation in the Spanish market meant head-to-head competition with the well established European firms (Curci Cardoza 2009). The Spanish banks were thus faced with the dilemma of either competing within the domestic markets or expanding and competing in the international markets. But due to the need for investment diversification and the need to thrive in the competitive landscape, the Spanish banks opted to pursue business internationally (Curci Cardoza 2009). However, owing to the lack of substantial capital, it was perceived not viable to expand into other European countries. Thus, as predicted by the Uppsala model, Latin America became the target of this international expansion since it was psychologically a closer market (Cardoza et al 2007). With this strategy, the Spanish banks protected themselves from acquisitions and possible takeovers by other European companies (Cardoza et al 2007). On its part, Latin America had instituted neo-liberal reforms that included deregulation, liberalization and economic opening (Curci Cardoza 2009). Retail banking in Latin America was during that time in the process of being regulated and given the low level of penetration of foreign firms and the potentially high margins in the region, it offered great investment opportunities (Curci Cardoza 2009). At the time, potential margins were high and the standards of regulating and supervision were rapidly improving (Bejar 2007). Also, Latin America lacke d enough capital resources and demand for banking services was rapidly rising. In view of these, the leading Spanish banks moved to augment their presence in the region and in less than a decade, these banks had grown from being Spain-only operators to becoming major international players in retail banking. Within a short period of time, these Spanish banks had already achieved the status of multinationals and most importantly, they were accorded the status of key world players in the banking industry (Bejar 2007). Their status was moved from being banks confined within the territories of Spain to becoming major international operators whose initiatives were scrutinized around the entire globe (Bejar 2007). Owing to the success of this internationalization process, these Spanish banks now enjoy a sound reputation and are often regarded as a plus factor in countries that they currently operate in. The expansion of these Spanish banks to Latin America was indeed a stepping stone towards their global growth (Bejar 2007).   It is clear from the above as to why the leading Spanish banks targeted Latin America for their expansion. Latin America did not only offer good investment opportunities but the region also provided a solution to the problem of lack of competitiveness that most Spanish banks faced. Why did Spanish banks mainly enter Latin American markets via acquisitions? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this approach compared to other possible market entry modes? There are two main modes of market entry into a foreign market: equity and Non equity modes. The non-equity modes include: the export strategy mode that involves direct and indirect exports; and contractual agreement modes which include research and development contracts, co-marketing strategy, and licensing/franchising among others (Peng 2008). The equity modes include joint ventures and partially owned subsidiaries (WOS). A Joint venture entails some form of FDI in which the foreign firm is allowed a certain degree of control of the entity. The advantages of joint ventures include cost and risk sharing (Peng 2008). Another advantage is the access to knowledge about the host country. Joint ventures are also considered more politically acceptable. There are however certain disadvantages to this mode of entry. First, since it involves partners from different background and with different goals, conflicts are inevitable. Secondly, it may be difficult to achieve effective equity and operational control since everything must be negotiated. Finally, the nature of a joint venture does not give the multinational effective control over foreign subsidiary which may be necessary for global coordination (Peng 2008). On the other side, wholly owned subsidiaries can be achieved in two primary ways: establishing Greenfield operations or through acquisition which is probably the most important in terms of amount of capital involved (Mullineux Murinde 2003). As we have seen in the present case, the mode of entry used by the Spanish banks to enter Latin America is through acquisitions. The two leading Spanish banks, Santander and Bilbao Vizeaya, had in less than a decade augmented their presence in Latin America through some 20 acquisitions (Cardone-Riportella Cazorla-Papis 2001). The advantages of acquisitions as a mode of entry are that it gives the multinational complete control which leads to better protection of proprietary technology (Mullineux Murinde 2003). Also, acquisitions allows for central coordination of global actions. As pointed out by Tschoegl (2003), foreign firms in the long run end up having no comparative advantage in retail banking. For such reasons, acquisition of domestic banks presents the only noble solution. Through acquisitions, these Spanish banks were able to gain greater comparative advantage in Latin America. On the flip side, however, the risks involved both financially and politically are high. The conspicuous foreignness embodied in this mode of entry may become a target for national sentiments (Peng 2008). Additionally, this mode of entry may be affected by post-acquisition integration problems. Nonetheless, the Spanish banks opted to use acquisitions as a mode of entry as this would give them complete control and allow them to gain share rapidly in the Latin American market. Conclusion The expansion of Spanish banks into Latin America reflects the ongoing globalization and integration of financial markets that is increasingly taking place across the globe. The internationalization of the leading Spanish banks can partly be explained by the growing financial liberalization and deregulation and partly due to Spain’s accession to the EU in 1986. Among the chief underlying reasons for expansion into Latin America was the need to increase client base, attain greater investment diversification in the high growth potential areas and to thrive in the competitive landscape. At the time of the expansion, retail banking in Latin America was in the process of being regulated and the low level of penetration of foreign firms and the potentially high margins in the region offered great investment opportunities. Furthermore, Latin America lacked enough capital resources and demand for banking services was rapidly rising. As such, Latin America not only offered good investment opportunities but also provided a solution to the problem of lack of competitiveness that most Spanish banks faced. This expansion confirms the predictions of the Uppsala model which views internalization as an incremental commitment based on the accumulation of experiential knowledge in foreign markets. (2,558 words) Reference Bejar, R.C., 2007. Internationalization in Latin America: stepping stone to global expansion, BBVA case study. Bergen, M., Dutta, S., and Walker, O., 1992. ‘Agency relationships in marketing, A Curci and Cardoza 45 review of the implications of agency and related theories’. Journal of Marketing, 56: 1–24. Calderon, A., 2000. The Spanish banks strategies in Latin America. CEPAL review 70 Cardone-Riportella, C.C and Cazorla-Papis, L., 2001. The internationalization process of Spanish banks: a tale of two times. Cambridge Cardoza, G., Diaz, J., and Angel, A. 2007. ‘Institutional determinants of the Argentinean crisis: A systemic approach’. Latin American Business Review, 7(1): 1−32. Curci, R. and Cardoza, G., 2009. ‘Spanish Foreign Direct Investments in Latin America: Intenaitonalization strategies and financial management practices’. Journal of Comparative International Management, vol. 12 (1), pp.29-46 Guillà ©n, M. 2005. The Rise of Spanish Multinationals: European Business in the Global Economy. Cambridge University Press. Guillen, M.F. and Tschoegl, A.E., 2000. Integrative Case3.2: Spanish banks in Latin America. The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania Guillen, M.F. and Tschoegl, A.E., 1999. At last the internationalization of retail banking? The case of the Spanish banks in Latin America. The Wharton School. University of Pennsylvania Heinkel R.L., and Maurice D. L. 1992. ‘The structure of international banking’. Journal of International Money and Finance 16: 251-72. Hryckiewicz, A. and Kowalewski, O., 2008. Economic determinants and entry modes of foreign banks into Central Europe, Goethe University Frankfurt. Mathieson, D.J., 2000. International capital markets: developments, prospects, and key policy issues. International Monetary Fund. mergers and acquisitions in the European financial services market. Mullineux, A.W. and V. Murinde, 2003. ‘Globalization and convergence of banking systems’, in Mullineux, A.W. and V. Murinde, (eds.), Handbook of International Banking. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Parada, P., Alemany, L. and Planellas, M., 2009. The internationalization of retail banking: Banco Santanders journey towards globalization. Elsevier Peng, M.W., 2008. Global strategy. South Western Educational Publishing Rugman, A.M., 1976. ‘Risk reduction by international diversification’. Journal of International Business Studies, 18 (2): 67–88. Sebastian, M. and Hernansanz, C., 2000. The Spanish banks strategy in Latin America. BBVA Economics Research Department Slager, A., 2005. Internationalization of banks: strategic patterns and performance. SUERF, Vienna Slager, A.M.H., Banking across borders: internationalization of the worlds largest banks between 1980 and 2000. Erasmus Research Institute of Management Tschoegl, A.E., 1987. ‘International retail banking as a strategy: an assessment’, Journal of International Business Studies, 7(2): 75–80. Williamson, O. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. New York, Free Press.

WHY DO I NEED AN AGENT

WHY DO I NEED AN AGENT A reader recently asked me to write about the advantages and disadvantages of having a literary agent. She didnt think she wanted an agent, but wasnt sure whether that was a good decision or not. If I did write about agents, it was a long, long time ago. Im all for them, but the downside is that it slows things down as you land one, and they do take a cut of your profits. But . . . they know more about the business than we do. They have connections we dont. They open doors we never thought of. They make us step up our writing to a higher calibre. Some writers have placed the nickname gatekeeper to agents and editors who send rejection letters; like gatekeeper is a bad thing. Anytime someone is in a position to reject you, youre tempted to take it personally and become inclined to dislike them. However, if you are selected What does an agent do for you? Help edit your work. Of course your work has to be pretty great to start with, but an agent can make suggestions from experience and know-how of the marketplace that will take your writing to a higher level. Target editors and publishers. Other than study a Writers Market or search websites, how do you know what a publisher seeks these days? They dont readily shoot desires out on Twitter or alter their guidelines webpage weekly. Agents, however, groom relationships with these editors. TheY understand what editors seek in the short term and the long term. Negotiate a contract. What do you know about rights? Print rights, electronic, audio, foreign, film, the list is long. As a lone artist, do you understand how to negotiate all these rights? If you dont have an agent, do you know the logistics, pros and cons of holding or signing over these rights? While giving up rights sounds scary, in reality, you could be placing your work in hands that know what they are doing and can greatly increase your chances of landing an audio book or a television show. Do you know what are good ebook royalty rates? Problem solving. If the publisher gets hung up on a bad cover or wants editorial changes that infuriate you, an agent can play middle man and help smooth out wrinkles. Marketing consultation. Agents may be able to recommend great venues for your promotional efforts. They might know what works and what doesnt. They might make introductions to opportunities you never imagined. They have been in this business to earn a living and have been around the block more than most of us. Use that expertise. Nathan Bransford has a nice clear blog post on what an agent does. Heres another post on why an agent is needed, from a sci-fi And heres yet another from the Jane Chelius Literary Agency, which applies to all agents across the board. Author Scott Nicholson explains why you need an agent. When you may NOT need to seek an agent? When self-publishing. When seeking a smaller press. When familiar with rights and contracts. When writing short stories. I used an agent for a smaller press, to improve my odds for a contract. I was fairly familiar with rights, but wasnt completely grounded in the knowledge. I also wanted that buffer between the publishing house and me, using someone who had a firmer grasp on the industry, who could spot a deal and a scam with no hesitation. Yes, I am a fan of agents, but it depends on your goals, experience, knowledge base, and desires whether you use one or not. No, they arent easy to land, but having one can improve your odds . . . depends on what youre gambling on.

MANAGING IN A MIXED ECONOMY Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

MANAGING IN A MIXED ECONOMY - Coursework Example Management in mixed economy in the current context has attained significant importance across the world (Reisman, 2005). Concerning with the factors of a mixed economy, this paper intends to focus on the management of such issues in the light of Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd. Overview of the Network Rail Railtrack was involved in performing various tasks of scheduling, delivering, managing, selling and consulting for rail transportation and operated as a group of companies that was engaged in maintaining all the aspects of the track as well as stations of the old British rail network. However, it was sold to Network Rail and later renamed as Network Rail Infrastructure Ltd. Network Rail was then charged with the responsibility of managing the entire rail infrastructure in Great Britain excluding the London underground service. Network Rail therefore aims at providing a safe, reliable and efficient railway service within the UK. Correspondingly, the organisation is committed towards improving the rail network by offering faster, and frequent as well as reliable journey within the towns and cities of the UK. With its rigorous effort, it aims at integrating people for making the UK more competitive in terms of railroad transportation. It also aims at bringing significant benefits to the national economy. Moreover, its endeavour towards private sector growth and workforce can also be seen with its radical investment in the sector (Network Rail, 2013). It is worth mentioning in this context that the organisation is committed towards introducing new technologies in order to offer greater ease and facilities to its wide-range of customers. The organisation proclaims to follow the best organisational practices of safety management wherein its initiatives have been committed towards promoting righteous attitude and continuous development within the workforce. It further tends to ensure that all the passengers as well as individuals dealing with fright are fairly treat ed when they choose to use railway. Currently, the company operates as a private company performing commercial businesses. It is categorised as company limited by guarantee and is directly accountable to its members being regulated by the Office of Retail Regulation (ORR). Moreover, the company is determined to deliver a safe, reliable and the most efficient railway for Britain. It is worth mentioning that its members are drawn from rail industry and the public. Moreover, it is funded through excess of revenue apart from the monetary assistance rendered by the government grants. Notably, the Scottish Government is a public member of Network Rail (Network Rail, 2013). Seminar Topic 1: Innovation and Service Transformation The notion of co-production is widely being discussed in relation to the public services across the world and in the UK as well when evaluating the innovation and service transformation strategies taken by organisations such as Network Rail in a mixed economy system . It is worth mentioning that co-production processes in a mixed economy have often been argued to be primarily based upon the apparent characteristics of services in both public and private sectors wherein the production and consumption of services are commonly noted as inseparable. In order to attain the broad benefits of the co-production, it is essential that the users of